Indian Art in the Mughal Era Free Essays

The Musicals acquainted numerous new things with Indian culture, one being great burial chamber engineering, for example, the world-celebrated Tag-Mall. Hindus and Buddhist consistently incinerated their dead so internment was another custom all together. Alongside this came the composed expression of sacrosanct composition text In the type of ornamental calligraphy. We will compose a custom paper test on Indian Art in the Mughal Era or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now Lovely Arabic entries from the Quern are Inscribed all through the Tag-Mall. An intriguing path with regards to which Hinduism and Islam were accommodated in McHugh India was through strict workmanship, especially as the exemplary Indian epic, ‘The Ramadan’. The Ramadan’ recounts to the narrative of the incredible ruler/god, Ram, who is really and manifestation of Vishnu, and his mission to spare his delightful spouse, Sits, from the startling evil presence lord, Raven. During this time, The Ramadan’ was portrayed by both the Hindu Ragouts and the Islamic Musicals, which shows the flexibility of The Ramadan’, of which there were in truth various adaptations. The Musicals delivered a rendition of ‘The Ramadan’ in 1600 and the Ragouts created theirs in 1720. The McHugh King, Kafka, had a Persian interpretation of The Ramadan’ made which is known as ‘The Freer Ramadan’. The Ragout style of workmanship portraying ‘The Ramadan’ was all the more a conventional Indian style and utilized huge territories of sold, splendid hues with increasingly basic and less practical looking figures and items. The McHugh style used to delineate The Ramadan’ was clearly vigorously impacted by customary Islamic workmanship and was gentler and increasingly naturalistic. After some time more forms of ‘The Ramadan’ became, albeit, starting in the sass’s the McHugh Empire is declining and no longer qualities Hindu writings like The Ramadan’ as it had previously. By and by, the ‘Siege of Lankan’ arrangement of The Ramadan’ was dispatched by the Ragout ruler, Dally Sings, In 1725. I locate this Interesting in light of the fact that Hinduism and Islam are two religions and conviction frameworks that are so generally not quite the same as one another, but then they are accommodated here In the type of craftsmanship. It is extremely fascinating and to some degree amazing that the Islamic rulers would be so tolerating of Hindu messages and culture. ‘Tale of two Remnants Indian craftsmanship in the McHugh Era with this came the composed expression of hallowed composition text as ornamental calligraphy. Wonderful Arabic sections from the Curran are engraved all through the frightening evil presence lord, Raven. During this time, ‘The Ramadan’ was delineated The Ramadan’, of which there were in truth a wide range of forms. The Musicals 1720. The McHugh King, Kafka, had a Persian interpretation of ‘The Ramadan’ made looking figures and articles. The McHugh style used to portray ‘The Ramadan’ was writings like ‘The Ramadan’ as it had previously. By and by, the ‘Siege of Lankan’ arrangement of ‘The Ramadan’ was dispatched by the Ragout ruler, Dalai Sings, in 1725. I locate this fascinating in light of the fact that Hinduism and Islam are two religions and conviction frameworks that are so generally unique in relation to one another, but they are accommodated here in the The most effective method to refer to Indian Art in the Mughal Era, Papers

The Unbearable Lightness of Being

Most works of fiction obtain from recorded occasions. Thusly, for anybody to comprehend a specific work of writing, he/she must be acquainted with its recorded setting. â€Å"The Unbearable Lightness of Being† is a novel set in Czechoslovak. This implies it would support the peruser on the off chance that he/she has a comprehension of Czechoslovak’s history.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on The Unbearable Lightness of Being explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Milan Kundera the writer of this book can't help contradicting this idea. The creator keeps up that the occasions that come to pass in his novel don't really mirror the historical backdrop of Czechoslovak. Regardless of whether this was the situation, there is as yet a verifiable connection among history and fiction in â€Å"The Unbearable Lightness of Being†. This paper will investigate this relationship in a point by point way. Kundera, the creator of â€Å"The Unbear able Lightness of Being† has recently excused the idea that all history can be clarified judiciously. The creator had survived the tyranny of the Soviet Union. As he would see it, the absurdities and brutalities he experienced when this system came to drive, couldn't be clarified reasonably. For example, he scrutinized the drive behind Russia’s offer for global control. His contention was that there were no earlier occasions or conditions that could help clarify the method of reasoning behind Russia’s activities. The creator accepts history is fundamentally made of existential circumstances. Following the author’s perspective, there is an approach to portray Soviet Czechoslovak existentially. It very well may be characterized by its area, political circumstance, authentic foundation, socialist impact, and culture. Subsequently, the conditions looked by the vast majority of the characters in â€Å"The Unbearable Lightness of Being† concur with the ab ove definitions. For example, accommodation to Soviet power, departure from political bigotry, and self-banish are for the most part conditions that can be handily identified with Czechoslovak’s history. In his book, Kundera takes note of that incase the French Revolution was to happen once more, Robespierre’s commitment would be undermined. This is on the grounds that the conditions encompassing this upheaval have been put down by creators and history specialists. Kundera jokes that â€Å"years of insurgency have transformed into negligible words, hypotheses, and discussions†¦frightening no one† (Kundera 4). The creator isn't right by making this suspicion. Robespierre isn't dead and gone. The main thing Robespierre has done is to accept various structures. To some he is a legend but then to others he is a startling scoundrel who circumvents cutting off people’s heads. At whatever point a chronicled disturbance is finished, the individuals who come after it has happened can just move toward it from a recorded perspective.Advertising Looking for exposition on writing dialects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The equivalent is valid for the Czechoslovak in â€Å"The Unbearable Lightness†. The creator had a firsthand involvement in the circumstance when it occurred. Along these lines, his â€Å"fiction† can't be compared to that of a today’s creator on a similar subject. This is most likely why Kundera felt that writing and history couldn't be perfect. For example, the creator feels that writing either exaggerates or downplays history. His case that Robespierre is two unique substances is reasonable. The Robespierre who â€Å"occurs just a single time in history† is extremely difficult to find (Kundera 4). In any case, numerous different varieties of the character just delude genuine history. Kundera contends that one can't depend on fiction t o be a precise portrayal of history. This is on the grounds that when everyone is caught up with censuring the individuals who conspired with the Nazi, another variety of the â€Å"Nazi† is as of now under development. The main contrast is that fiction and history can't remember it as it occurs. All the principle characters in this novel can likewise identify with history over the span of their â€Å"lightness†. The principle character, Tomas, is a specialist who carries on with his life through a questionable good code. Tereza, the lady he in this way begins to look all starry eyed at additionally battles with her daintiness of being. Sabina, Tomas’ special lady is a free vivacious lady who later is isolated with the pair. All these characters’ lives are disturbed by the occasions that come to pass in Czechoslovak. At whatever point a creator makes characters, he/she does as such by either drawing from individual encounters or by deduction. In this manne r, almost certainly, Kundera’s characters were sourced from his own encounters. This would straightforwardly infer that they have some importance comparable to his history. The characters in this novel are intertwined with the thoughts of daintiness and weight. These thoughts are created in incredible profundity all through the book. The way of thinking behind â€Å"The Unbearable Lightness of Being† was something the writer more likely than not experienced around the time this book was distributed. In the event that this was the situation, this way of thinking undoubtedly had a few connections to the historical backdrop of the time. This is genuine on the grounds that different creators during this period additionally tended to this way of thinking of weight and delicacy. Almost certainly, there are sure factors that made this way of thinking pertinent in Czechoslovak around then. This would tie the topic of this book to the historical backdrop of this nation. At the point when Joseph Stalin kicked the bucket, the circumstance in the Soviet Union started to change. The existent authoritarian authority began to unwind progressively. During this time, open fights that were testing the strategies of the Soviet Union started rising. This interest for change went to a peak when a pioneer of the Communist Party in Czechoslovak was removed in 1967. Alexander Dubcek supplanted the ousted pioneer and quickly started a crusade to change policies.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on The Unbearable Lightness of Being explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More This flood of changes proceeded until the Soviet tanks attacked Prague in 1968. Before long, the authoritarian arrangements started being reestablished. Kundera was himself against an authoritarian government. â€Å"The Joke† is a novel distributed by Kundera and it included unpretentious reactions of socialism. He was additionally restricted to the oversight utilized b y the framework. At a certain point, he encouraged his kindred authors not to submit to restriction. Moreover, he was a functioning individual from scholarly gatherings that challenged the Soviet principle. The Soviet Union reacted to Kundera’s activities by renouncing his distributing rights. The specialists additionally allowed him to go on a self-banish. He inevitably went to a self-oust in France where he kept on composing. He later credited his self-outcast to misery. Prior to this second attack of 1967, the war against despotism was nearly won. In any case, when the military tanks appeared, the desire for regularly picking up opportunity faded. It is clear that the worries communicated in â€Å"The Unbearable Lightness of Being† are intelligent of the circumstance in Czechoslovak during the 1960s. During this period, the Soviet Union’s hold on Czechoslovak was too solid to even consider being tested. This may have incited a few people to come up short on t heir significance of presence. Consequently, as a large portion of Kundera’s characters, most residents were encountering the â€Å"unbearable gentility of being†. Additionally, much the same as in the book some of them fled while others decided to battle this inclination. During when Soviet Union’s rule prospered in Czechoslovak, the discussion on self-banish was overflowing. There were the individuals who felt that as opposed to banishing themselves, they had the choice of remaining behind and battling. The contention behind this activity was that by leaving, one lost his/her genuineness. There were likewise the individuals who felt that it was conceivable to proceed with the battle in any event, when they were in a state of banishment. Kundera appears to legitimize his decision to go to oust through this book. He confronted counter contentions from his kindred brains at the time like Jan Patocka and Vaclav Havel. The two were against self-banish. It has been contended that â€Å"The Unbearable Lightness of Being† was a legitimization of Kundera’s individual decisions. At the point when this inquiry was sent to the writer, he conceded that the characters in this book speak to his â€Å"unrealized possibilities†. Nonetheless, he rushed to explain that the book isn't using any and all means a â€Å"confession† yet an examination concerning the human life. This contention demonstrates that the circumstance in Czechoslovak had a huge effect on the topic of this book. â€Å"The Unbearable Lightness of Being† is a substantial response to chronicled occasions. Kundera’s convictions were themselves intensely affected by conditions ever. The creator was apparently mindful of the suggestions history had on his writing. This is the reason he contended that occasions in history ought not bargain any individual’s ability to settle on very much educated decisions. The creator contends that overreliance in history can lead individuals to defective judgments.Advertising Searching for exposition on writing dialects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More The fiction utilized in this book is firmly identified with chronicled realities. The creator utilizes this relationship to help show that in any event, when looked by delicacy of being, one can in any case accomplish realness. The book emphatically proposes that genuineness can't be tried by either persecution or tyranny (Kundera 224). The creator of this novel attempts to abstain from being attached to recorded realities. In any case, he despite everything figures out how to convey the realities about delicacy of being while at the same time inclining toward history Works

Compare And Contrast The Histopathology Of Breast Adenocarcinoma And

Compare And Contrast The Histopathology Of Breast Adenocarcinoma And Compare And Contrast The Histopathology Of Breast Adenocarcinoma And Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma â€" Essay Example > AbstractThe adenocarcinoma of the breast and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lung are the leading causes of cancer-related mortalities in women and men respectively. An investigation of peer reviewed articles with content on adenocarcinoma of the breast and SCC of the lung was conducted. The aim was to compare and contrast the histopathology of the two cancer types. Findings show that adenocarcinoma of the breast relates to cancer cells originating from the epithelium lining of either the ducts, or lobules of the mammary gland. On the other hand, SCC of the lung entails cancer cells originating centrally in larger airways, specifically the bronchi. Microscopic and histological features, as well as immunomarkers, assist to diagnose and differentiate the various cancer types. For both the adenocarcinoma of the breast and the squamous cell of the lung, detection, diagnosis and risk factors, are explained, laboratory specimens described, and the treatment options given. Introduct ionAdenocarcinoma of the breast and squamous cell carcinoma of the lung are significant in regards to their high prevalence, mortality rates, and disease burden relative to other cancer diseases (Dara et al. 2012; Makki 2015). Despite both being cancers, breast adenocarcinoma and SCC of the lung have varying histopathological and immunochemical features that determine their diagnosis and treatment. Case study of adenocarcinoma of the breasta. Significance of adenocarcinoma of the breastAdenocarcinoma of the breast presents one of the highest cancer incidences, and mortality rates worldwide (Makki 2015). Also, it is the commonest type of invasive carcinoma among the female population (Makki 2015). b. Detection, diagnosis and risk factors for adenocarcinoma of the breastAdenocarcinoma of the breast is detected by mammography, genetic screening, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, ductogram, and, clinical and self breast examination that check for lumps, uncharacteristic breast ap pearance, and abnormal ductal discharges, (Sarica et al. 2013). A biopsy is done by taking a sample of tissue from an area of abnormality. The sample biopsied can be fluid with very tiny cells, removed through fine needle aspiration (Radhakrishna et al. 2013). Sections of the tumor are removed by core biopsy, while an entire tumor is removed by excisional biopsy (Radhakrishna et al. 2013). Primary risk factors for breast cancer are being female, old, and having a family history of breast cancer (Yoshimoto et al. 2011). Other risks include exposure to radiation, sensitivity to estrogen and progesterone, and modifiable behaviors like smoking, drinking, unhealthy foods, and sedentary lifestyle, increases breast adenocarcinoma likelihood (Yoshimoto et al. 2011). c. Types of specimens received in the laboratory for diagnosing adenocarcinoma of the breastLaboratory specimens are sampled from palpable mass, nipple discharge and lesions; hence they include lobule excisions, nipple duct ex cision, total mastectomy, and lymph node specimens, including sentinel node and axillary dissections (Sarica et al. 2013). d. Laboratory treatment of different specimen typesFor excision specimens, a gross examination is done, where size, shape and arrangement of cells are noted. The tumor is bisected into thin slices and fixated on sufficient amount of 10% neutral buffered formalin (NBF) for processing (Howat Wilson 2014). For fluid specimens, the aspirates are spread on cassettes, fixed in a paraffin block. A microtome is used to thinly dissect the embedded tissue, and slices are placed on glass slides, and stained for microscopic examination (Radhakrishna et al. 2013).

Enron And The Collapse Of Enron - 1303 Words

Enron, a company which originated in Huston, Texas, was one of the largest American energy trading corporations in the nation. Although it was one of the most well known companies, it was also one that crashed and burned the fastest, shocking many people when it did. Not only did it end fast, the company caused quite a scandal which is still being discussed and reviewed in today’s world. Enron’s bankruptcy scandal was so widely known because of the many people who associated themselves with the company and worked with it. When it finally did end in 2001 the corporation was a wreck. This paper will analyze the business of Enron, the impact which Enron had on the economy, the causes of the rise and fall, the effects of de-regulation, and an analysis of the collapse of Enron. Also in this essay will be a look at the accounting practices of Enron, who Arthur Anderson was, and what his role was in Enron. The essay will finally take a look at just what happened to Arthur Ande rson after the collapse of the company to which he hurt. Many companies and franchises come and go in this busy economic world. There are generic reasons behind most companies end and often times when a company goes out of business it is either because the corporation ends up loosing their well earned income or its loyal and repeat customers who keep them on their feet. However, in the unique case involving the fast paced and high ranked company, Enron, there is far more involved than just simple reasoningShow MoreRelatedEnron And The Collapse Of Enron1254 Words   |  6 Pagesbelow one dollar. This happened to shareholders of Enron. The total debt amounted to over $ 16 billion, which was the largest corporate bankruptcy in American history. Shareholders lost 60 billion dollars within a few days, 4500 employees lost their jobs, and the employees lost billions in pension benefits. I had never heard the name of Enron nor Enron’s scandal until I watched a film, â€Å"Enron: The Smartest Guys in The Room,† but I realized the Enr on scandal affected the whole of the business in theRead MoreEnron : The Collapse Of Enron1644 Words   |  7 PagesEnron was once one of the world s leading energy companies by reshaping the way natural gas and electricity were bought and sold. They filed the largest corporate bankruptcy in American history in 2001. Enron Corporation was an energy company running out of Texas that was started when two companies, Houston Natural Gas and InterNorth, merged together in 1985. By 1992, Enron became the largest seller of natural gas in North America and began to offer other services like wholesaler trading and riskRead MoreThe Collapse Of Enron And Enron1365 Words   |  6 PagesTwo organizations that will live on in infamy in the business world are World Com and Enron. These names are synonymous with the largest corporate scandals in US history. Their failure to live by ethical and moral codes resulted in bankruptcy, large financial losses to employees and shareholders as well c riminal penalties. Additionally, these deviations from ethical behavior from several related parties shined a light on the accounting profession and resulted in several changes in the industryRead MoreThe Collapse Of Enron And Enron1736 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Fortune used to rank Enron as the most successful business in the United States. The collapse of Enron was shocked the whole world energy trading market. It caused significant losses to investors. In this paper shows analysis reason of factors that lead to Enron demise and also lessons can be learnt from Enron case study. The approach which have used in this paper to respond, the case study question are the background of the case organization and how business structure had been use by theRead MoreEnron And The Collapse Of Enron1718 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION Enron, one of the most influential and profitable companies in utility, paper, and communications for numerous years, came crashing down and filed for bankruptcy in fall 2001 (Bottiglieri, Revile, and Grunewald 1). Houston National Gas and InterNorth fused together and created Enron in 1985. The company faced initial problems of debt and loss of exclusive rights to pipelines (Thomas 1). This accounting method allowed Enron to log entire profits from the life of a contract in the yearRead MoreEnron : The Collapse Of Enron2469 Words   |  10 Pagesscandal of Enron in 2001 lead the company to the bankruptcy. Enron is the largest bankruptcy reorganization in American history at that time. Undoubtedly, Enron is the biggest example of the audit failure. It is ever the most famous company in the world, but it also is one of companies which fell down too fast. In this paper, it describe the reason why Enron became an admired company in the world, the story of Enron s rise and fall, the iss ues of internal and external auditing in Enron, the breachesRead MoreCollapse of Enron4178 Words   |  17 PagesTHE COLLAPSE OF ENRON August 11 2008 [Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document. Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document.] FROM PERSPECTIVE OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE â€Æ' TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS PAGE NO. Introduction 3 Background of Enron 3 Enron Business Model 4 Summary of transactions PartnershipsRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Enron Collapse Of Enron1366 Words   |  6 PagesCulture of Enron Before Enron bankruptcy it was one of America’s most powerful and successful energy companies. The company thrived and pushed to be number one no matter the circumstance, in this company’s case if it meant doing it illegally. Fraud accounting, auditing, energy trading, and illegal finance was the company’s downfall leading to corruption and most of all greed. Enron was aggressive and a competitive environment. The documentary was just not giving the name â€Å"The Smartest Guys in theRead MoreThe Collapse Of Enron Corporation1787 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"When a company ascends to the number seven spot on the Fortune 500 and then collapses in weeks into a smoking ruin, its stock worth pennies, its CEO, a confidante of presidents, more or less evaporated, there must be lessons in there somewhere.† -Daniel Henninger, The Wall Street Journal The collapse of Enron Corporation has created many discussions about the structure of corporate governance. The question of this essay first calls to examine some of the strengths and weaknesses of theRead MoreFinancial Collapse : The And Enron1320 Words   |  6 PagesOneTel and Enron were huge technology companies, dominating the competition that they faced although - everything changed. Both of these companies operated in the same era, coincedently both suffering financial collapse. The reasons were mainly because of the failure to follow major accounting principles, lacking morals and lacking strong work ethics. If even a major corporation can fall into this â€Å"trap†, then avoiding doesn’t sound easy, although accountants can easily avoid scandals by following

The Synergy Behind A Merger And Acquisition Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3528 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? This is the basic equation of synergy which exists behind a merger or an acquisition. The main principle behind buying or acquiring a company is to create a shareholder value very much above that of the sum of the two companies. The total value of firms after MA is greater than their simple arithmetical sum and the reasoning behind MA is that when two companies join hands or somehow come together are more valuable than two separately existing companies. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Synergy Behind A Merger And Acquisition Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Mergers and acquisitions (MA) refers to the aspect of Corporate finance Corporate management Corporate strategies MA deals with the buying, selling, combining or acquiring of different companies that can financially aid or help a company to grow in a given industry and grow quickly without creating another business entity. It comes into play whenever a company considers to expand its business and gain market leadership at the cost of their current scenario. All the Strong companies buy other smaller companies to create a more cost-efficient and competitive company. The companies come together hoping to gain a larger market share as well as to achieve greater efficiency. It is due to these potential benefits that the target companies of the acquisition, will agree to be purchased when they know they cant survive alone in the market and shall eventually die in the future run. MA have become a huge driving force in the economic and the financial environment around t he world. They generally create huge public interest and presents the most dramatic picture of Corporate Finance. MA play a major part in the world of corporate finance. So MA can be regarded as a long term investment for the company which takes over the the other company. It rarely looks at the short term monetary benefits and weighs gaining leadership as a priority. The companies which participate in MA do so just because of their mutual benefits. MA helps firms to implement their strategic decisions of diversification for the maximisation of companys growth by expanding and enhancing their operations. It refers to the external expansion of a firm through combining with another company and gain competitive advantage in terms of Expansion of the customer base, Cutting out the competition Entry into a new market or a product segment. HISTORY OF MA Period Name Facet 1889 1904 Ist Wave Horizontal mergers 1916 1929 IInd Wave Vertical mergers 1965 1989 IIIrd Wave Diversified and Conglomerate mergers 1992 1998 IVth Wave Hostile takeovers; Congeneric mergers; Corporate Raiding 2000 Vth Wave Cross-border mergers MERGER It is a combination of two or more businesses so as to form one and it occurs when two or more companies combine to form a new company. The term Amalgamation is also used for a merger as all the assets, liabilities as well as the shareholders interest of the merging companies are agglomerated into the acquiring company. A majority vote of shareholders is required to approve a merger undertaking. Merger suggests a balance of strength and willingness between the two to join forces refers to the consolidation of companies. Merger is a financial tool that is used for enhancing long-term profitability by expanding their operations. Merger may be of two forms: Merger through absorption involves two or more companies which combine into an existing company and transfers all its assets, liabilities and shares to the acquiring company. Generally a smaller firm is absorbed by a larger firm for mutual benefits. Here the weaker firm loses its identity and becomes a part of the powerful firm, which assumes all the rights of the merging organisation. As a result the acquired company ceases to exist. e.g. Absorption of Tata Fertilizers Ltd (TFL) by Tata Chemicals Ltd (TCL), where TCL completely took over TFL. Merger through consolidation involves two or more companies which combine to form a new company. In this, all the companies are legally dissolved and a new entity is created. The assets and liabilities of the acquired company are transferred to the new company in exchange for shares or cash. E.g. In 1986, Hindustan Computers Ltd, Indian software Company Ltd, Hindustan Instruments Ltd and Indian Reprographics Ltd merged to form HCL Ltd. A fundamental characteristic of a merger (either through absorption or consolidation) is that the acquiring company (existing or new) takes over the ownership as well as the control of other companies and combines their operations with its own operations. VARIETIES OF MERGERS Horizontal Merger -refers to the merger of two companies which are direct competitors of one another. They serve the same market and sell the same product. This usually happens in the case of two competing companies merging who has the same product lines and markets. occurring between companies producing similar goods or offering similar services. occurs frequently as a result of larger companies attempting to create more efficient economies of scale. This type of merger can either have a very large effect or little to no effect on the market. When two very small companies horizontally merge, the results are less noticeable. e.g. If a small local drug store were to horizontally merge with another local drugstore, the effect of this merger on the drugstore market would be minimal. In a large horizontal merger, however, the resulting rippling effects can be felt throughout the whole economy and greatly affect the market sector. Large horizontal mergers are often seen as anticompetitive agreements, considering that If one company holding twenty percent of the market share combines with another company also holding similar market share, their combined share holding will then increase .This large horizontal merger gives the new company an unfair market advantage over its competitors. This promotes anti-competitive environment where the end customer suffers and has to succumb to the prices of the market leader and also the firm limits its production and gaining competitive advantage. e.g. The amalgamation of Daimler-Benz and Chrysler. The formation of Brook Bond Lipton India Ltd. through the merger of Lipton India and Brook Bond The merger of Bank of Mathura with ICICI (Industrial  Credit  and Investment Corporation of India) Bank The merger of BSES (Bombay Suburban Electric Supply) Ltd. with Orissa Power Supply Company The merger of ACC (erstwhile Associated Cement Companies Ltd.) with Damodar Cement say, if mer ging of Pizza Hut and Dominos McDonalds and Burger King Vertical Merger- a merger between a consumer and a company or a supplier and a company. Here two firms involved in the same business but on different levels join hands where the two companies involved in producing different goods and services for a specific finished product, integrate and one firm acquires another firm in the same industry but at a different stage in the production cycle. This merger allows the firm to gain more control of another level of the manufacturing or selling process within that single industry. It involves integrating its supply chain into its operations. The acquiring firm, through a vertical merger, may lower its cost of production and distribution and make more productive and efficient use of its resources. e.g. a baseball bat company merging with a wood production company. an ice cream cone supplier merges with an ice cream maker. Reliance Industries Lmtd. (RIL) merging with Reliance Petroleum Lmtd (RPL) Time Warner Incorporated, a major cable operation, and the Turner Corporation, which produces CNN, TBS, and other programming. Market-extension merger -  When two companies that sell the same products but in different markets merge. It basically expands the market base of the product. e.g. can be Bharti and Warid, extended its market in Bangladesh. Product-extension merger The merging of two companies selling different but somewhat related products in the same market. They usually serve a common market and enables the new company to go in for a pooling in of their products so as to serve a common market, which was earlier fragmented among them. e.g. The acquisition of Mobilink Telecom Inc. by Broadcom. Broadcom deals in the manufacturing Bluetooth personal area network hardware systems and chips for IEEE 802.11b wireless LAN whereas Mobilink Telecom Inc. deals in the manufacturing of product designs meant for handsets that are equipped with the Global System for Mobile Communications technology. Conglomeration Two companies which have no common business areas merge together and refers to the merger of companies, which do not either sell any related products or cater to any related markets. There are two types of conglomerate mergers: pure mixed. While the Pure conglomerate mergers involve companies with nothing in common between them, the mixed conglomerate mergers involve companies that are looking for product extensions or market extensions. Conglomerate mergers helps the companies to diversify and as a result, the merging companies can also bring down the levels of their exposure to risks. e.g. Reliance capital bought adlabs Phillip Morris, a tobacco company which acquired General Foods in 1985. TRIANGULAR MERGER -refers to the acquisition of a local company through a share swap with a local subsidiary that is wholly owned by a foreign buyer. Here the acquiring corporation could acquire control of the target firm without being a constituent corporation. The acquiring firm forms a new subsidiary into which the target firm is merged. The stockholders of the acquiring firm do not have the right to vote on the merger since they are not a constituent corporation. The stockholders of the target corporation will have the same rights as in a normal two-party merger. TRIANGULAR MERGER ACQUISITION -the act of acquiring effective control over assets or management of a company by other company without any combination of businesses or companies. Acquisition -it usually refers to a purchase of a smaller or a weaker firm by a larger and a powerful one. Objectives of Acquisitions: To complement or substitute for Research and Development To enter speedily into the emerging competitive markets To supplement the existing product and business with latest technology To acquire and retain the talented people and staff Acquisition may take two forms: Friendly Takeover or Acquisition: When management of the two firms mutually and willingly agrees for the takeover, it is called acquisition or friendly takeover. e.g. UK-based Vodafone AirTouch and the German Mannesmann AG, agreed to a friendly takeover in February 2000. Vodafone declared that it would fully respect the corporate culture of Mannesmann, including the employees co-determination rights. 2. Takeover (Hostile): When an acquisition is forced or unwilling it is called a takeover. As per MRTP Act, takeover means acquisition of not less than 25 percent of the voting power in a company. Hewlett-Packards takeover of Compaq. The deal was valued at $25 billion, Oracle buying PeopleSoft that happened in 2004. Microsoft planning to purchase Yahoo in a hostile environment Although, they are often considered to have the same meaning, the terms merger and acquisitions are slightly different from each other. Mergers Acquisitions It occurs when two or more companies combine to form a new company. It occurs when a company takes over another company Significant restructuring occurs in the company Corporate leadership doesnt change much Very few deals of this type takes place Most of the deals that occur are of this type only Both the companies stocks are surrendered and new company stock is issued in its place. The acquired companys stocks are transferred and its assets are merged into the acquiring companys assets. Both of CEOs agree that joining together is in the best interest of both of their companies. The target company also does not want to be purchased. occurs between equals occurs only when one large takes over a smaller one ensures profitability without any negative connotation carries a negative impression on everyone Although, in reality an acquisition takes place, the firms declare it as a merger to avoid any negative impression. Whether a purchase is con sidered as a merger or an acquisition actually depends on the purchase whether it is friendly or hostile and how it has been announced. So the real difference lies in how the purchase is communicated to all and received by the target companys board of directors, shareholders and employees. Some Motives of Mergers and Acquisitions Economy of scale: refers to the fact that the combined company can reduce its fixed costs by removing redundant departments or operations, lowering the costs of the company and thus increasing their profit margins. Economy of scope: refers to the efficiencies associated with demand changes, like increasing/decreasing the scope of the marketing and distribution of a wide array of products. A company uses a specific set of skills to widen its activities. e.g. Proctor and Gamble can enjoy economies of scope if it acquires a consumer product company. Increased revenue or market share: It assumes that the buyer will be absorbing and amalgamating a major competitor and thus increase its market power (by capturing increased market share). Geographical or other diversification: It is designed to smoothen the earnings results of a company, which over the long term smoothens the stock price of a company, giving the investors extra confidence in investing in the company. Taxation: A profitable company can buy a loss maker to use the targets loss as their advantage by reducing their tax liability. Synergy: For example, managerial economies such as the increased opportunity of managerial specialization. Another example is of purchasing economies due to increased order size and associated bulk-buying discounts. Resource transfer: the resources are unevenly distributed all across the firms and the interaction of target and acquiring firm resources can create value through either overcoming information uneveness or by combining scarce resources. Vertical integration: Vertical integration occurs when an upstream and downstream firm merge and the reason is to internalise an externality problem. e.g. company engaged in oil exploration and production (ONGC) with company engaged in refining and its marketing (HPCL) to improve coordination and control. DUBIOUS REASONS FOR MERGER Diversification Achieve risk reduction Depends on the correlation Lower financing cost Larger size and greater earnings stability Reduce the cost of borrowing More feasible than internal investment MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS: VALUATION Investors in a company whose   aim is to take over another one must determine whether the purchase will be beneficial to them; they must find out how much the company being acquired is actually worth and is it an advantageous acquisition or not. Naturally, both the sides of an  MA deal will have varied ideas about the worth of a target company: its seller will tend to value  the company as high of a price as possible, whereas the buyer will try to get the lowest price that he can. There are some legitimate ways to value companies. The most common is to look at the comparable companies in an industry, but deal makers employ a variety of other methods and tools when assessing a target company. Comparative Ratios   the basic comparative metrics on which acquiring companies  may base their offers: Price-Earnings  Ratio  (P/E Ratio)   With this, an acquiring company  makes an offer  which is  a mult iple of the earnings of the target company. Enterprise-Value-to-Sales  Ratio  (EV/Sales)   With this, the acquiring company can make an offer as a multiple of the revenues, also, being aware of the  price-to-sales(P/S) ratio  of other companies in the industry as well. Discounted Cash Flow  (DCF) -  evaluation tool in MA, Discounted cash flow analysis determines a companys current value according to its estimated future cash flows. The forecasted free cash flows (net income  + depreciation/amortization capital expenditures change in working capital) are discounted to present value using companys weighted average costs of capital  (WACC). Replacement Cost   When the acquisitions are based on the cost of replacing the target company. Suppose the value of a company is the sum of all its equipment and staffing costs resources and the acquiring company can order the target to sell at that price, or it will c reate a competitor for the same cost price. Obviously, it would take very long to assemble effective management, acquire properties and get the correct equipments. So this method of establishing a price certainly wouldnt make much sense in a service industry where the key assets people and the ideas are hard to value, retain and develop. Synergy- The idea that the value and performance of two companies combined will be greater than the sum of the separate individual parts. The Buyers will need to pay a premium if they hope to even acquire the company, inspite of what pre-merger evaluation advises them. For the sellers, it is that premium which represents their companys future prospects. As for the buyers, this premium represents part of the post-merger synergy they expect can be achieved. For example, if Company A has an excellent product but lousy distribution whereas Company B has a great distribution system but poor products, the companies could create synergy wi th a merger. When NPV is positive then the acquisition appears viable and profitable for the company and enhances its growth prospects. If company A wants to buy company B, then NPV of purchase must be 0. NPV = Gain Cost 0 Gain = PVAB (PVA + PVB) = Value of Synergy i.e. PV of combined company AB than PV of each separate entities. COMPENSATION IN MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS Firm A acquires firm B Determine benefit of the merger Benefit = PVAB (PVA + PVB) Acquiring company to compensate acquired company by: Compensation in Cash Compensation in Stock COMPENSATION IN CASH Firm A acquires firm B and compensates in cash COMPENSATION IN CASH = CASH PVB NPV to A = Benefit Cost = [(PVAB (PVA + PVB)] [Cash PVB] = PVAB PVA Cash NPV to B = (Cash PVB) Compensation in Stock Sometimes, instead of paying cash, we can compensate acquired company in terms of stocks. Firm A plans to acquire firm B. True cost will be: COST = ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ± PVAB PVB PVAB = PVA + PVB + benefit COST = ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ±PVAB PVB NPV to A = Benefit cost Usually, it is observed that if compensation is paid in cash, cost of acquisition is independent of the gains of acquisition. On the other hand, if the compensation is paid in stock, cost of acquisition is dependent on the gains of acquisition. FACTORS: CASH V/S STOCK COMPENSATION Whether to pay for an acquisition in cash or in stock is an important decision. It depends on these factors: Overvaluation: if acquiring firms stock is overvalued relative to acquired companys stock, paying in stock can be less costly than paying in cash. Taxes: considering shareholders of the acquired firm, cash compensation is a taxable transaction while stock compensation is not. Sharing of Risks and Rewards: if cash compensation is paid, then shareholders of acquired firm neither bear risks nor enjoy rewards of merger. On the other hand, if stock compensation is paid, shareholders of the company partake in the risks as well as rewards of the merger. Discipline: usually seen that acquisitions financed by cash tend to succeed more compared to acquisitions financed by stock because perhaps cash buyers are more disciplined, circumspect and rigorous in their evaluation. Biggest Recent Mergers and Acquisitions deals in India Tata Steel acquired 100% stake in Corus Group in 2007 with an all cash deal amounting to $12.2 billion. Vodafone purchased administering interest of 67% owned by Hutch-Essar for a worth of $11.1 billion in 2007. The acquisition of Japanese pharmaceutical company Daiichi Sankyo by Indian major Ranbaxy for $4.5 billion. The Oil and Natural Gas Corp purchased Imperial Energy Plc in 2009 and The deal amounted to $2.8 billion. In 2008 NTT DoCoMo, the Japan based telecom firm acquired 26% stake in Tata Teleservices for USD 2.7 billion. CONCLUSION Mergers and Acquisitions form an important facet of Corporate Finance and Strategy. It is involved in Investment Banking too. Many companies believe that the best way to  gain competitive advantage  is to  expand ownership boundaries through MA. MA is basically depicted by the equation 1+1=3, which means that a combined company is far more valuable than separately existing business entities. Investors can be confident that a merger will always deliver enhanced market power. A merger involves the mutual decision of two companies to combine and become  one entity; it  can be seen as a decision made by  two equals whereas a takeover or acquisition, is characterized by the purchase of a smaller company by a much larger one. A  merger  takes place when two or more companies decide to combine into one entity or business or when one company buys another, while an  acquisition  always involves purchase of o ne by another company. Mergers generate synergies which  allows for enhanced cost efficiency of a new entity made from two smaller entities synergy is the basic principle behind mergers and acquisitions. Most gains are pushed towards the selling shareholders and an MA deal can be completed by a cash transaction, stock  transaction or a combination of both. The acquiring companies use several methods to evaluate their targets. Some are based on the comparative ratios like the  P/S   and P/E   ratios -  replacement cost  or  discounted cash flow  analysis.

Ideas inside of us Free Essays

Wearing headphones or earphones, turning on favorite songs are the best ways to escape from these distractions. Many studies show that some genres of music such as Jazz or Baroque could help the brain signals processing faster. For instance, when listening to a Jazz song, I feel happier, more relaxed and reducing stress. We will write a custom essay sample on Ideas inside of us or any similar topic only for you Order Now Music really helps my mind regain the energy that I easily continue focusing on the work. The human brain is very smart, but it is also lazy to concentrate for a long time. When doing one thing for a long time, the brain feel bored, hence it easily gets off the track. Some student share experiences that when they focus on study for two or three hours, they feel hardly to keep their mind going on the lesson. Different changes happened however, when they listen to music that helps everything back to its orbit. As a result, music really helps students kept their concentration on studying. Another advantage of listening to music is that music can helps students get creative ideas while studying. From joy to ad from happiness to despair, music really has a special ability to leading our emotions. If I need to write a sympathy essay sharing the sorrow with people dying on the war, I should choose a blues ballad song to listen while writing. If am solving an equation in algebra, I need to find a little hard rock of Linking park. Music can simulate students’ creativity as a cup of coffee. Listening to music while studying could help students get ideas that they might not realize before. If you want to find something to boost your creative, do not think bout coffee but try some music, it is truly a healthy caffeine medicine for our students. Music leads the emotion and emotion paves the way for creative ideas inside of us. Sometime, you stuck with a problem, find no way to escape the cycle, so you need something helping you get out of that. Let turn on the cellophane, and play some Pop, ideas will come to you. As can be seen, music is an effective medicine helps us get ideas that are more creative. One other advantage of listening to music while studying is that it helps students have a better memory. Our studies prove that Classical or Zen music can help students easily remember the numbers in math or years of history. Music has the ability to transport our memory back in time just like a time machine. Some formulas or sequences students have studied for a long time might be forgotten. Now, they are recalled exactly as learned yesterday thanks for Classical music. Some students cannot remember and revise what they learned because they are under the pressures of the test ahead. In that case, listening to Zen music could release the pressure, slow the heartbeat and inspires students’ confidence that help them recall their memories better. Moreover, students will not be bored or stressed when dealing with a long night trying to revise some ideas for a presentation. With a good mood from music, they can better learn facts and lectures that they confront for a presentation. Also, fast music affects students’ abilities to remember things out loud. In the same way, slow music helps students think more deeply and keep this information in students’ memories. Therefore, music is really a helpful tool for students’ memories. How to cite Ideas inside of us, Papers

Critically Analyse the Llegal Barriers in Accessing Justice

Question: Critically analyze the legal barriers in accessing justice faced by the people affected by your Collaborative Justice Project topic and any solutions which have been proposed? Answer: Access to justice is a vital precept in order to address any form of inequality and disadvantage that may arise in the society and, further, it is essential to an inclusive and fair society. In case people do not have adequate access to legal services, it may have an adverse impact on the people, especially the unprivileged[1]. The term access implies a right to remedy and the concept of having adequate justice is based on the principle that where there is a right, there is a remedy (ubi jus ibi remedium). There are certain groups of people who often face difficulties in accessing the legal services for justice. The Aboriginals of Australia are one of such groups who face substantial obstacles while accessing the legal services such as lack of cultural awareness, communication issues, language issues, financial issues, discrimination, remoteness, adequate intimidation, etc. The aboriginals are still the most economically and socially disadvantaged members of the society in Australia. This disadvantage makes the aboriginals highly dependent on the community legal services. It is evident that the aboriginals, especially women, are dissuaded from taking recourse to the mainstream legal services. It has been seen that the indigenous people are relatively less likely to seek help from the mainstream legal service providers as a result of the mentioned barriers[2]. The key concern is the difficulty related with accessing the indigenous language translators. It has often been observed at the aboriginal defendants generally consent to the orders even if they do not understand them or to the orders that are inappropriate for their case as a result of language barriers. It has been stated by the Australian Human Rights Commission that the nuances of aboriginal English can result in misunderstanding between the lawyers and their clients (and consequently the justice system). Similarly, the Woman's Legal Service South Australia went a step further and stated that generally the matters proceed in the courts even when the interpreters are absent which is against principles of justice.[3] Even some funds have been allocated for interpretation services for the indigenous people, it is difficult to access Internet is due to reasons like low availability and high cost. Similarly this problem is aggravated as a result of the difficulties that are related with integrating aboriginal languages as equivalent terms may not be present in case of the terms that are commonly used by the justice system.[4] The legal barriers that are present on part of the aboriginal people while accessing the justice system include the lack of awareness regarding their legal rights. Among the significant barriers in accessing justice are the financial barriers for the aboriginal people. Then, the high cost of legal services act as a significant deterrent for the persons who need legal assistance. Unless a person is financially stable to afford the expenses of the court proceedings, it becomes almost impossible for any ordinary person to meet the expenses involved in a court process. Generally, the aboriginals avoid seeking legal advice even if there is an immediate necessary for the same owing to the high expenses involved in obtaining such legal services.[5] Further, geographical barriers also play an important role in restricting the access of the aboriginal people to justice. Therefore the difficulties that are associated with accessing the judicial system are further complicated as a result of geographic isolation and the lack of transportation services. In this regard Australian Human Rights Commission has stated in its report that 68% of the aboriginal people live outside the major cities. Similarly, nearly 43% of these people live in regional areas while 9% are staying in remote areas and 15% of the aboriginal people are staying in very remote areas. It has been suggested by a number of studies that the indigenous people who are staying in regional and remote areas have less legal and political engagement as compared to the people who are living in the capital city of Australia. A large number of people have disclosed that even if they want to access justice but they find it difficult to travel to the offices for receiving legal ad vice or face difficulties in order to complete the documents. Some of the other factors that act as a hindrance for the indigenous group of people to access the justice system are the past pessimistic experiences of the aboriginal people and the enduring distrust for the legal system. Similarly, the lack of awareness regarding the ability and scope of law in resolving certain types of disputes as well as the lack of awareness regarding the availability of legal services provided for them also acts as a major barrier. The reluctance of the aboriginal people regarding matters that are considered by them as private and which would need disclosure of personal information to strangers.[6] Similarly, the lack of confidence, empathy and the confidentiality towards the legal service providers and the legal system also act as a significant barrier. The perceptions among the aboriginal people that the legal services are prestigious results, which make them, feel shy to approach the legal services and are easily intimidated owing to their lack of cultural awareness. The complexity and the formality of the processes of judicial system also act as an impediment in approaching justice. Among the aboriginal communities, there is a tendency to resolve problems on their own. As mentioned above, the location of the courts and the legal service providers is far from from where the aboriginals dwell and the lack of public transport acts as an additional barrier. Further, the lack of sensitivity, cultural awareness and compassion among some of the staffs of the justice system and the legal service providers who fail to provide legal assistance to the unprivileged people, in particular, which also acts as a significant barrier.[7] On the other hand, there are certain lawyers who provide adequate legal assistance in any form of disputes that arises between the aboriginal organizations and individuals. In the same way, there are certain lawyers and other persons who are reluctant to make judgments regarding any disputes arising between the indigenous people. Similarly, there are some lawyers who do not prefer to be considered as someone taking sides in a dispute or they do not prefer to align themselves with the particular group of the aboriginal people. Some lawyers and other professionals from the judicial system have the tendency to dismiss the disputes among the aboriginal people as their private matters or cultural issues in origin. Another significant barrier in accessing justice by the aboriginal people is the reliance of the legal system on documentary evidence was substantiating the claims and the reluctance of the system to accept oral evidence that has been submitted by the aboriginal people. Some of the steps that can be taken to remove these barriers include appropriate communications and early intervention. Communication is considered as being essential for decision-making and personal autonomy. To conclude, the Federal and the State Government are taking initiatives to ensure that every citizen has access to the justice system and enjoy legal aids irrespective of their caste, community, sex and race. The Government is making significant investments in the Community Legal services and the Aboriginal and Torres Islander Legal Services to mitigate all the factors that acts hindrances for the indigenous people to have access to the justice system. Bibliography Chesterman, J. Galligan, B. (1997) Citizens Without Rights, Melbourne, Cambridge University Press. Coumarelos, C., Wei, Z. Zhou, A.Z. (2006) Justice made to measure: NSW legal needs survey in disadvantaged areas, Sydney, Law and Justice Foundation of NSW. Cunneen, C. Schwartz, M. (2008) Funding Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander legal services: issues of equity and access, Criminal Law Journal, 32 (1), 3853. Joint Committee of Public Accounts and Audit (2005) Access of Indigenous Australians to law and justice services, Report 403, Canberra, Commonwealth of Australia. Morphy, F. (2007) Uncontained subjects: population and household in remote Aboriginal Australia, Journal of Population Research, 24 (2), 163184. Wacquant, L. (2009) Punishing the Poor. The Neoliberal Government of Social Insecurity, Durham, Duke University Press.