Indian Art in the Mughal Era Free Essays

The Musicals acquainted numerous new things with Indian culture, one being great burial chamber engineering, for example, the world-celebrated Tag-Mall. Hindus and Buddhist consistently incinerated their dead so internment was another custom all together. Alongside this came the composed expression of sacrosanct composition text In the type of ornamental calligraphy. We will compose a custom paper test on Indian Art in the Mughal Era or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now Lovely Arabic entries from the Quern are Inscribed all through the Tag-Mall. An intriguing path with regards to which Hinduism and Islam were accommodated in McHugh India was through strict workmanship, especially as the exemplary Indian epic, ‘The Ramadan’. The Ramadan’ recounts to the narrative of the incredible ruler/god, Ram, who is really and manifestation of Vishnu, and his mission to spare his delightful spouse, Sits, from the startling evil presence lord, Raven. During this time, The Ramadan’ was portrayed by both the Hindu Ragouts and the Islamic Musicals, which shows the flexibility of The Ramadan’, of which there were in truth various adaptations. The Musicals delivered a rendition of ‘The Ramadan’ in 1600 and the Ragouts created theirs in 1720. The McHugh King, Kafka, had a Persian interpretation of The Ramadan’ made which is known as ‘The Freer Ramadan’. The Ragout style of workmanship portraying ‘The Ramadan’ was all the more a conventional Indian style and utilized huge territories of sold, splendid hues with increasingly basic and less practical looking figures and items. The McHugh style used to delineate The Ramadan’ was clearly vigorously impacted by customary Islamic workmanship and was gentler and increasingly naturalistic. After some time more forms of ‘The Ramadan’ became, albeit, starting in the sass’s the McHugh Empire is declining and no longer qualities Hindu writings like The Ramadan’ as it had previously. By and by, the ‘Siege of Lankan’ arrangement of The Ramadan’ was dispatched by the Ragout ruler, Dally Sings, In 1725. I locate this Interesting in light of the fact that Hinduism and Islam are two religions and conviction frameworks that are so generally not quite the same as one another, but then they are accommodated here In the type of craftsmanship. It is extremely fascinating and to some degree amazing that the Islamic rulers would be so tolerating of Hindu messages and culture. ‘Tale of two Remnants Indian craftsmanship in the McHugh Era with this came the composed expression of hallowed composition text as ornamental calligraphy. Wonderful Arabic sections from the Curran are engraved all through the frightening evil presence lord, Raven. During this time, ‘The Ramadan’ was delineated The Ramadan’, of which there were in truth a wide range of forms. The Musicals 1720. The McHugh King, Kafka, had a Persian interpretation of ‘The Ramadan’ made looking figures and articles. The McHugh style used to portray ‘The Ramadan’ was writings like ‘The Ramadan’ as it had previously. By and by, the ‘Siege of Lankan’ arrangement of ‘The Ramadan’ was dispatched by the Ragout ruler, Dalai Sings, in 1725. I locate this fascinating in light of the fact that Hinduism and Islam are two religions and conviction frameworks that are so generally unique in relation to one another, but they are accommodated here in the The most effective method to refer to Indian Art in the Mughal Era, Papers

The Unbearable Lightness of Being

Most works of fiction obtain from recorded occasions. Thusly, for anybody to comprehend a specific work of writing, he/she must be acquainted with its recorded setting. â€Å"The Unbearable Lightness of Being† is a novel set in Czechoslovak. This implies it would support the peruser on the off chance that he/she has a comprehension of Czechoslovak’s history.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on The Unbearable Lightness of Being explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Milan Kundera the writer of this book can't help contradicting this idea. The creator keeps up that the occasions that come to pass in his novel don't really mirror the historical backdrop of Czechoslovak. Regardless of whether this was the situation, there is as yet a verifiable connection among history and fiction in â€Å"The Unbearable Lightness of Being†. This paper will investigate this relationship in a point by point way. Kundera, the creator of â€Å"The Unbear able Lightness of Being† has recently excused the idea that all history can be clarified judiciously. The creator had survived the tyranny of the Soviet Union. As he would see it, the absurdities and brutalities he experienced when this system came to drive, couldn't be clarified reasonably. For example, he scrutinized the drive behind Russia’s offer for global control. His contention was that there were no earlier occasions or conditions that could help clarify the method of reasoning behind Russia’s activities. The creator accepts history is fundamentally made of existential circumstances. Following the author’s perspective, there is an approach to portray Soviet Czechoslovak existentially. It very well may be characterized by its area, political circumstance, authentic foundation, socialist impact, and culture. Subsequently, the conditions looked by the vast majority of the characters in â€Å"The Unbearable Lightness of Being† concur with the ab ove definitions. For example, accommodation to Soviet power, departure from political bigotry, and self-banish are for the most part conditions that can be handily identified with Czechoslovak’s history. In his book, Kundera takes note of that incase the French Revolution was to happen once more, Robespierre’s commitment would be undermined. This is on the grounds that the conditions encompassing this upheaval have been put down by creators and history specialists. Kundera jokes that â€Å"years of insurgency have transformed into negligible words, hypotheses, and discussions†¦frightening no one† (Kundera 4). The creator isn't right by making this suspicion. Robespierre isn't dead and gone. The main thing Robespierre has done is to accept various structures. To some he is a legend but then to others he is a startling scoundrel who circumvents cutting off people’s heads. At whatever point a chronicled disturbance is finished, the individuals who come after it has happened can just move toward it from a recorded perspective.Advertising Looking for exposition on writing dialects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The equivalent is valid for the Czechoslovak in â€Å"The Unbearable Lightness†. The creator had a firsthand involvement in the circumstance when it occurred. Along these lines, his â€Å"fiction† can't be compared to that of a today’s creator on a similar subject. This is most likely why Kundera felt that writing and history couldn't be perfect. For example, the creator feels that writing either exaggerates or downplays history. His case that Robespierre is two unique substances is reasonable. The Robespierre who â€Å"occurs just a single time in history† is extremely difficult to find (Kundera 4). In any case, numerous different varieties of the character just delude genuine history. Kundera contends that one can't depend on fiction t o be a precise portrayal of history. This is on the grounds that when everyone is caught up with censuring the individuals who conspired with the Nazi, another variety of the â€Å"Nazi† is as of now under development. The main contrast is that fiction and history can't remember it as it occurs. All the principle characters in this novel can likewise identify with history over the span of their â€Å"lightness†. The principle character, Tomas, is a specialist who carries on with his life through a questionable good code. Tereza, the lady he in this way begins to look all starry eyed at additionally battles with her daintiness of being. Sabina, Tomas’ special lady is a free vivacious lady who later is isolated with the pair. All these characters’ lives are disturbed by the occasions that come to pass in Czechoslovak. At whatever point a creator makes characters, he/she does as such by either drawing from individual encounters or by deduction. In this manne r, almost certainly, Kundera’s characters were sourced from his own encounters. This would straightforwardly infer that they have some importance comparable to his history. The characters in this novel are intertwined with the thoughts of daintiness and weight. These thoughts are created in incredible profundity all through the book. The way of thinking behind â€Å"The Unbearable Lightness of Being† was something the writer more likely than not experienced around the time this book was distributed. In the event that this was the situation, this way of thinking undoubtedly had a few connections to the historical backdrop of the time. This is genuine on the grounds that different creators during this period additionally tended to this way of thinking of weight and delicacy. Almost certainly, there are sure factors that made this way of thinking pertinent in Czechoslovak around then. This would tie the topic of this book to the historical backdrop of this nation. At the point when Joseph Stalin kicked the bucket, the circumstance in the Soviet Union started to change. The existent authoritarian authority began to unwind progressively. During this time, open fights that were testing the strategies of the Soviet Union started rising. This interest for change went to a peak when a pioneer of the Communist Party in Czechoslovak was removed in 1967. Alexander Dubcek supplanted the ousted pioneer and quickly started a crusade to change policies.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on The Unbearable Lightness of Being explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More This flood of changes proceeded until the Soviet tanks attacked Prague in 1968. Before long, the authoritarian arrangements started being reestablished. Kundera was himself against an authoritarian government. â€Å"The Joke† is a novel distributed by Kundera and it included unpretentious reactions of socialism. He was additionally restricted to the oversight utilized b y the framework. At a certain point, he encouraged his kindred authors not to submit to restriction. Moreover, he was a functioning individual from scholarly gatherings that challenged the Soviet principle. The Soviet Union reacted to Kundera’s activities by renouncing his distributing rights. The specialists additionally allowed him to go on a self-banish. He inevitably went to a self-oust in France where he kept on composing. He later credited his self-outcast to misery. Prior to this second attack of 1967, the war against despotism was nearly won. In any case, when the military tanks appeared, the desire for regularly picking up opportunity faded. It is clear that the worries communicated in â€Å"The Unbearable Lightness of Being† are intelligent of the circumstance in Czechoslovak during the 1960s. During this period, the Soviet Union’s hold on Czechoslovak was too solid to even consider being tested. This may have incited a few people to come up short on t heir significance of presence. Consequently, as a large portion of Kundera’s characters, most residents were encountering the â€Å"unbearable gentility of being†. Additionally, much the same as in the book some of them fled while others decided to battle this inclination. During when Soviet Union’s rule prospered in Czechoslovak, the discussion on self-banish was overflowing. There were the individuals who felt that as opposed to banishing themselves, they had the choice of remaining behind and battling. The contention behind this activity was that by leaving, one lost his/her genuineness. There were likewise the individuals who felt that it was conceivable to proceed with the battle in any event, when they were in a state of banishment. Kundera appears to legitimize his decision to go to oust through this book. He confronted counter contentions from his kindred brains at the time like Jan Patocka and Vaclav Havel. The two were against self-banish. It has been contended that â€Å"The Unbearable Lightness of Being† was a legitimization of Kundera’s individual decisions. At the point when this inquiry was sent to the writer, he conceded that the characters in this book speak to his â€Å"unrealized possibilities†. Nonetheless, he rushed to explain that the book isn't using any and all means a â€Å"confession† yet an examination concerning the human life. This contention demonstrates that the circumstance in Czechoslovak had a huge effect on the topic of this book. â€Å"The Unbearable Lightness of Being† is a substantial response to chronicled occasions. Kundera’s convictions were themselves intensely affected by conditions ever. The creator was apparently mindful of the suggestions history had on his writing. This is the reason he contended that occasions in history ought not bargain any individual’s ability to settle on very much educated decisions. The creator contends that overreliance in history can lead individuals to defective judgments.Advertising Searching for exposition on writing dialects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More The fiction utilized in this book is firmly identified with chronicled realities. The creator utilizes this relationship to help show that in any event, when looked by delicacy of being, one can in any case accomplish realness. The book emphatically proposes that genuineness can't be tried by either persecution or tyranny (Kundera 224). The creator of this novel attempts to abstain from being attached to recorded realities. In any case, he despite everything figures out how to convey the realities about delicacy of being while at the same time inclining toward history Works

Compare And Contrast The Histopathology Of Breast Adenocarcinoma And

Compare And Contrast The Histopathology Of Breast Adenocarcinoma And Compare And Contrast The Histopathology Of Breast Adenocarcinoma And Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma â€" Essay Example > AbstractThe adenocarcinoma of the breast and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lung are the leading causes of cancer-related mortalities in women and men respectively. An investigation of peer reviewed articles with content on adenocarcinoma of the breast and SCC of the lung was conducted. The aim was to compare and contrast the histopathology of the two cancer types. Findings show that adenocarcinoma of the breast relates to cancer cells originating from the epithelium lining of either the ducts, or lobules of the mammary gland. On the other hand, SCC of the lung entails cancer cells originating centrally in larger airways, specifically the bronchi. Microscopic and histological features, as well as immunomarkers, assist to diagnose and differentiate the various cancer types. For both the adenocarcinoma of the breast and the squamous cell of the lung, detection, diagnosis and risk factors, are explained, laboratory specimens described, and the treatment options given. Introduct ionAdenocarcinoma of the breast and squamous cell carcinoma of the lung are significant in regards to their high prevalence, mortality rates, and disease burden relative to other cancer diseases (Dara et al. 2012; Makki 2015). Despite both being cancers, breast adenocarcinoma and SCC of the lung have varying histopathological and immunochemical features that determine their diagnosis and treatment. Case study of adenocarcinoma of the breasta. Significance of adenocarcinoma of the breastAdenocarcinoma of the breast presents one of the highest cancer incidences, and mortality rates worldwide (Makki 2015). Also, it is the commonest type of invasive carcinoma among the female population (Makki 2015). b. Detection, diagnosis and risk factors for adenocarcinoma of the breastAdenocarcinoma of the breast is detected by mammography, genetic screening, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, ductogram, and, clinical and self breast examination that check for lumps, uncharacteristic breast ap pearance, and abnormal ductal discharges, (Sarica et al. 2013). A biopsy is done by taking a sample of tissue from an area of abnormality. The sample biopsied can be fluid with very tiny cells, removed through fine needle aspiration (Radhakrishna et al. 2013). Sections of the tumor are removed by core biopsy, while an entire tumor is removed by excisional biopsy (Radhakrishna et al. 2013). Primary risk factors for breast cancer are being female, old, and having a family history of breast cancer (Yoshimoto et al. 2011). Other risks include exposure to radiation, sensitivity to estrogen and progesterone, and modifiable behaviors like smoking, drinking, unhealthy foods, and sedentary lifestyle, increases breast adenocarcinoma likelihood (Yoshimoto et al. 2011). c. Types of specimens received in the laboratory for diagnosing adenocarcinoma of the breastLaboratory specimens are sampled from palpable mass, nipple discharge and lesions; hence they include lobule excisions, nipple duct ex cision, total mastectomy, and lymph node specimens, including sentinel node and axillary dissections (Sarica et al. 2013). d. Laboratory treatment of different specimen typesFor excision specimens, a gross examination is done, where size, shape and arrangement of cells are noted. The tumor is bisected into thin slices and fixated on sufficient amount of 10% neutral buffered formalin (NBF) for processing (Howat Wilson 2014). For fluid specimens, the aspirates are spread on cassettes, fixed in a paraffin block. A microtome is used to thinly dissect the embedded tissue, and slices are placed on glass slides, and stained for microscopic examination (Radhakrishna et al. 2013).

Enron And The Collapse Of Enron - 1303 Words

Enron, a company which originated in Huston, Texas, was one of the largest American energy trading corporations in the nation. Although it was one of the most well known companies, it was also one that crashed and burned the fastest, shocking many people when it did. Not only did it end fast, the company caused quite a scandal which is still being discussed and reviewed in today’s world. Enron’s bankruptcy scandal was so widely known because of the many people who associated themselves with the company and worked with it. When it finally did end in 2001 the corporation was a wreck. This paper will analyze the business of Enron, the impact which Enron had on the economy, the causes of the rise and fall, the effects of de-regulation, and an analysis of the collapse of Enron. Also in this essay will be a look at the accounting practices of Enron, who Arthur Anderson was, and what his role was in Enron. The essay will finally take a look at just what happened to Arthur Ande rson after the collapse of the company to which he hurt. Many companies and franchises come and go in this busy economic world. There are generic reasons behind most companies end and often times when a company goes out of business it is either because the corporation ends up loosing their well earned income or its loyal and repeat customers who keep them on their feet. However, in the unique case involving the fast paced and high ranked company, Enron, there is far more involved than just simple reasoningShow MoreRelatedEnron And The Collapse Of Enron1254 Words   |  6 Pagesbelow one dollar. This happened to shareholders of Enron. The total debt amounted to over $ 16 billion, which was the largest corporate bankruptcy in American history. Shareholders lost 60 billion dollars within a few days, 4500 employees lost their jobs, and the employees lost billions in pension benefits. I had never heard the name of Enron nor Enron’s scandal until I watched a film, â€Å"Enron: The Smartest Guys in The Room,† but I realized the Enr on scandal affected the whole of the business in theRead MoreEnron : The Collapse Of Enron1644 Words   |  7 PagesEnron was once one of the world s leading energy companies by reshaping the way natural gas and electricity were bought and sold. They filed the largest corporate bankruptcy in American history in 2001. Enron Corporation was an energy company running out of Texas that was started when two companies, Houston Natural Gas and InterNorth, merged together in 1985. By 1992, Enron became the largest seller of natural gas in North America and began to offer other services like wholesaler trading and riskRead MoreThe Collapse Of Enron And Enron1365 Words   |  6 PagesTwo organizations that will live on in infamy in the business world are World Com and Enron. These names are synonymous with the largest corporate scandals in US history. Their failure to live by ethical and moral codes resulted in bankruptcy, large financial losses to employees and shareholders as well c riminal penalties. Additionally, these deviations from ethical behavior from several related parties shined a light on the accounting profession and resulted in several changes in the industryRead MoreThe Collapse Of Enron And Enron1736 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Fortune used to rank Enron as the most successful business in the United States. The collapse of Enron was shocked the whole world energy trading market. It caused significant losses to investors. In this paper shows analysis reason of factors that lead to Enron demise and also lessons can be learnt from Enron case study. The approach which have used in this paper to respond, the case study question are the background of the case organization and how business structure had been use by theRead MoreEnron And The Collapse Of Enron1718 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION Enron, one of the most influential and profitable companies in utility, paper, and communications for numerous years, came crashing down and filed for bankruptcy in fall 2001 (Bottiglieri, Revile, and Grunewald 1). Houston National Gas and InterNorth fused together and created Enron in 1985. The company faced initial problems of debt and loss of exclusive rights to pipelines (Thomas 1). This accounting method allowed Enron to log entire profits from the life of a contract in the yearRead MoreEnron : The Collapse Of Enron2469 Words   |  10 Pagesscandal of Enron in 2001 lead the company to the bankruptcy. Enron is the largest bankruptcy reorganization in American history at that time. Undoubtedly, Enron is the biggest example of the audit failure. It is ever the most famous company in the world, but it also is one of companies which fell down too fast. In this paper, it describe the reason why Enron became an admired company in the world, the story of Enron s rise and fall, the iss ues of internal and external auditing in Enron, the breachesRead MoreCollapse of Enron4178 Words   |  17 PagesTHE COLLAPSE OF ENRON August 11 2008 [Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document. Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document.] FROM PERSPECTIVE OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE â€Æ' TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS PAGE NO. Introduction 3 Background of Enron 3 Enron Business Model 4 Summary of transactions PartnershipsRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Enron Collapse Of Enron1366 Words   |  6 PagesCulture of Enron Before Enron bankruptcy it was one of America’s most powerful and successful energy companies. The company thrived and pushed to be number one no matter the circumstance, in this company’s case if it meant doing it illegally. Fraud accounting, auditing, energy trading, and illegal finance was the company’s downfall leading to corruption and most of all greed. Enron was aggressive and a competitive environment. The documentary was just not giving the name â€Å"The Smartest Guys in theRead MoreThe Collapse Of Enron Corporation1787 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"When a company ascends to the number seven spot on the Fortune 500 and then collapses in weeks into a smoking ruin, its stock worth pennies, its CEO, a confidante of presidents, more or less evaporated, there must be lessons in there somewhere.† -Daniel Henninger, The Wall Street Journal The collapse of Enron Corporation has created many discussions about the structure of corporate governance. The question of this essay first calls to examine some of the strengths and weaknesses of theRead MoreFinancial Collapse : The And Enron1320 Words   |  6 PagesOneTel and Enron were huge technology companies, dominating the competition that they faced although - everything changed. Both of these companies operated in the same era, coincedently both suffering financial collapse. The reasons were mainly because of the failure to follow major accounting principles, lacking morals and lacking strong work ethics. If even a major corporation can fall into this â€Å"trap†, then avoiding doesn’t sound easy, although accountants can easily avoid scandals by following

The Synergy Behind A Merger And Acquisition Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3528 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? This is the basic equation of synergy which exists behind a merger or an acquisition. The main principle behind buying or acquiring a company is to create a shareholder value very much above that of the sum of the two companies. The total value of firms after MA is greater than their simple arithmetical sum and the reasoning behind MA is that when two companies join hands or somehow come together are more valuable than two separately existing companies. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Synergy Behind A Merger And Acquisition Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Mergers and acquisitions (MA) refers to the aspect of Corporate finance Corporate management Corporate strategies MA deals with the buying, selling, combining or acquiring of different companies that can financially aid or help a company to grow in a given industry and grow quickly without creating another business entity. It comes into play whenever a company considers to expand its business and gain market leadership at the cost of their current scenario. All the Strong companies buy other smaller companies to create a more cost-efficient and competitive company. The companies come together hoping to gain a larger market share as well as to achieve greater efficiency. It is due to these potential benefits that the target companies of the acquisition, will agree to be purchased when they know they cant survive alone in the market and shall eventually die in the future run. MA have become a huge driving force in the economic and the financial environment around t he world. They generally create huge public interest and presents the most dramatic picture of Corporate Finance. MA play a major part in the world of corporate finance. So MA can be regarded as a long term investment for the company which takes over the the other company. It rarely looks at the short term monetary benefits and weighs gaining leadership as a priority. The companies which participate in MA do so just because of their mutual benefits. MA helps firms to implement their strategic decisions of diversification for the maximisation of companys growth by expanding and enhancing their operations. It refers to the external expansion of a firm through combining with another company and gain competitive advantage in terms of Expansion of the customer base, Cutting out the competition Entry into a new market or a product segment. HISTORY OF MA Period Name Facet 1889 1904 Ist Wave Horizontal mergers 1916 1929 IInd Wave Vertical mergers 1965 1989 IIIrd Wave Diversified and Conglomerate mergers 1992 1998 IVth Wave Hostile takeovers; Congeneric mergers; Corporate Raiding 2000 Vth Wave Cross-border mergers MERGER It is a combination of two or more businesses so as to form one and it occurs when two or more companies combine to form a new company. The term Amalgamation is also used for a merger as all the assets, liabilities as well as the shareholders interest of the merging companies are agglomerated into the acquiring company. A majority vote of shareholders is required to approve a merger undertaking. Merger suggests a balance of strength and willingness between the two to join forces refers to the consolidation of companies. Merger is a financial tool that is used for enhancing long-term profitability by expanding their operations. Merger may be of two forms: Merger through absorption involves two or more companies which combine into an existing company and transfers all its assets, liabilities and shares to the acquiring company. Generally a smaller firm is absorbed by a larger firm for mutual benefits. Here the weaker firm loses its identity and becomes a part of the powerful firm, which assumes all the rights of the merging organisation. As a result the acquired company ceases to exist. e.g. Absorption of Tata Fertilizers Ltd (TFL) by Tata Chemicals Ltd (TCL), where TCL completely took over TFL. Merger through consolidation involves two or more companies which combine to form a new company. In this, all the companies are legally dissolved and a new entity is created. The assets and liabilities of the acquired company are transferred to the new company in exchange for shares or cash. E.g. In 1986, Hindustan Computers Ltd, Indian software Company Ltd, Hindustan Instruments Ltd and Indian Reprographics Ltd merged to form HCL Ltd. A fundamental characteristic of a merger (either through absorption or consolidation) is that the acquiring company (existing or new) takes over the ownership as well as the control of other companies and combines their operations with its own operations. VARIETIES OF MERGERS Horizontal Merger -refers to the merger of two companies which are direct competitors of one another. They serve the same market and sell the same product. This usually happens in the case of two competing companies merging who has the same product lines and markets. occurring between companies producing similar goods or offering similar services. occurs frequently as a result of larger companies attempting to create more efficient economies of scale. This type of merger can either have a very large effect or little to no effect on the market. When two very small companies horizontally merge, the results are less noticeable. e.g. If a small local drug store were to horizontally merge with another local drugstore, the effect of this merger on the drugstore market would be minimal. In a large horizontal merger, however, the resulting rippling effects can be felt throughout the whole economy and greatly affect the market sector. Large horizontal mergers are often seen as anticompetitive agreements, considering that If one company holding twenty percent of the market share combines with another company also holding similar market share, their combined share holding will then increase .This large horizontal merger gives the new company an unfair market advantage over its competitors. This promotes anti-competitive environment where the end customer suffers and has to succumb to the prices of the market leader and also the firm limits its production and gaining competitive advantage. e.g. The amalgamation of Daimler-Benz and Chrysler. The formation of Brook Bond Lipton India Ltd. through the merger of Lipton India and Brook Bond The merger of Bank of Mathura with ICICI (Industrial  Credit  and Investment Corporation of India) Bank The merger of BSES (Bombay Suburban Electric Supply) Ltd. with Orissa Power Supply Company The merger of ACC (erstwhile Associated Cement Companies Ltd.) with Damodar Cement say, if mer ging of Pizza Hut and Dominos McDonalds and Burger King Vertical Merger- a merger between a consumer and a company or a supplier and a company. Here two firms involved in the same business but on different levels join hands where the two companies involved in producing different goods and services for a specific finished product, integrate and one firm acquires another firm in the same industry but at a different stage in the production cycle. This merger allows the firm to gain more control of another level of the manufacturing or selling process within that single industry. It involves integrating its supply chain into its operations. The acquiring firm, through a vertical merger, may lower its cost of production and distribution and make more productive and efficient use of its resources. e.g. a baseball bat company merging with a wood production company. an ice cream cone supplier merges with an ice cream maker. Reliance Industries Lmtd. (RIL) merging with Reliance Petroleum Lmtd (RPL) Time Warner Incorporated, a major cable operation, and the Turner Corporation, which produces CNN, TBS, and other programming. Market-extension merger -  When two companies that sell the same products but in different markets merge. It basically expands the market base of the product. e.g. can be Bharti and Warid, extended its market in Bangladesh. Product-extension merger The merging of two companies selling different but somewhat related products in the same market. They usually serve a common market and enables the new company to go in for a pooling in of their products so as to serve a common market, which was earlier fragmented among them. e.g. The acquisition of Mobilink Telecom Inc. by Broadcom. Broadcom deals in the manufacturing Bluetooth personal area network hardware systems and chips for IEEE 802.11b wireless LAN whereas Mobilink Telecom Inc. deals in the manufacturing of product designs meant for handsets that are equipped with the Global System for Mobile Communications technology. Conglomeration Two companies which have no common business areas merge together and refers to the merger of companies, which do not either sell any related products or cater to any related markets. There are two types of conglomerate mergers: pure mixed. While the Pure conglomerate mergers involve companies with nothing in common between them, the mixed conglomerate mergers involve companies that are looking for product extensions or market extensions. Conglomerate mergers helps the companies to diversify and as a result, the merging companies can also bring down the levels of their exposure to risks. e.g. Reliance capital bought adlabs Phillip Morris, a tobacco company which acquired General Foods in 1985. TRIANGULAR MERGER -refers to the acquisition of a local company through a share swap with a local subsidiary that is wholly owned by a foreign buyer. Here the acquiring corporation could acquire control of the target firm without being a constituent corporation. The acquiring firm forms a new subsidiary into which the target firm is merged. The stockholders of the acquiring firm do not have the right to vote on the merger since they are not a constituent corporation. The stockholders of the target corporation will have the same rights as in a normal two-party merger. TRIANGULAR MERGER ACQUISITION -the act of acquiring effective control over assets or management of a company by other company without any combination of businesses or companies. Acquisition -it usually refers to a purchase of a smaller or a weaker firm by a larger and a powerful one. Objectives of Acquisitions: To complement or substitute for Research and Development To enter speedily into the emerging competitive markets To supplement the existing product and business with latest technology To acquire and retain the talented people and staff Acquisition may take two forms: Friendly Takeover or Acquisition: When management of the two firms mutually and willingly agrees for the takeover, it is called acquisition or friendly takeover. e.g. UK-based Vodafone AirTouch and the German Mannesmann AG, agreed to a friendly takeover in February 2000. Vodafone declared that it would fully respect the corporate culture of Mannesmann, including the employees co-determination rights. 2. Takeover (Hostile): When an acquisition is forced or unwilling it is called a takeover. As per MRTP Act, takeover means acquisition of not less than 25 percent of the voting power in a company. Hewlett-Packards takeover of Compaq. The deal was valued at $25 billion, Oracle buying PeopleSoft that happened in 2004. Microsoft planning to purchase Yahoo in a hostile environment Although, they are often considered to have the same meaning, the terms merger and acquisitions are slightly different from each other. Mergers Acquisitions It occurs when two or more companies combine to form a new company. It occurs when a company takes over another company Significant restructuring occurs in the company Corporate leadership doesnt change much Very few deals of this type takes place Most of the deals that occur are of this type only Both the companies stocks are surrendered and new company stock is issued in its place. The acquired companys stocks are transferred and its assets are merged into the acquiring companys assets. Both of CEOs agree that joining together is in the best interest of both of their companies. The target company also does not want to be purchased. occurs between equals occurs only when one large takes over a smaller one ensures profitability without any negative connotation carries a negative impression on everyone Although, in reality an acquisition takes place, the firms declare it as a merger to avoid any negative impression. Whether a purchase is con sidered as a merger or an acquisition actually depends on the purchase whether it is friendly or hostile and how it has been announced. So the real difference lies in how the purchase is communicated to all and received by the target companys board of directors, shareholders and employees. Some Motives of Mergers and Acquisitions Economy of scale: refers to the fact that the combined company can reduce its fixed costs by removing redundant departments or operations, lowering the costs of the company and thus increasing their profit margins. Economy of scope: refers to the efficiencies associated with demand changes, like increasing/decreasing the scope of the marketing and distribution of a wide array of products. A company uses a specific set of skills to widen its activities. e.g. Proctor and Gamble can enjoy economies of scope if it acquires a consumer product company. Increased revenue or market share: It assumes that the buyer will be absorbing and amalgamating a major competitor and thus increase its market power (by capturing increased market share). Geographical or other diversification: It is designed to smoothen the earnings results of a company, which over the long term smoothens the stock price of a company, giving the investors extra confidence in investing in the company. Taxation: A profitable company can buy a loss maker to use the targets loss as their advantage by reducing their tax liability. Synergy: For example, managerial economies such as the increased opportunity of managerial specialization. Another example is of purchasing economies due to increased order size and associated bulk-buying discounts. Resource transfer: the resources are unevenly distributed all across the firms and the interaction of target and acquiring firm resources can create value through either overcoming information uneveness or by combining scarce resources. Vertical integration: Vertical integration occurs when an upstream and downstream firm merge and the reason is to internalise an externality problem. e.g. company engaged in oil exploration and production (ONGC) with company engaged in refining and its marketing (HPCL) to improve coordination and control. DUBIOUS REASONS FOR MERGER Diversification Achieve risk reduction Depends on the correlation Lower financing cost Larger size and greater earnings stability Reduce the cost of borrowing More feasible than internal investment MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS: VALUATION Investors in a company whose   aim is to take over another one must determine whether the purchase will be beneficial to them; they must find out how much the company being acquired is actually worth and is it an advantageous acquisition or not. Naturally, both the sides of an  MA deal will have varied ideas about the worth of a target company: its seller will tend to value  the company as high of a price as possible, whereas the buyer will try to get the lowest price that he can. There are some legitimate ways to value companies. The most common is to look at the comparable companies in an industry, but deal makers employ a variety of other methods and tools when assessing a target company. Comparative Ratios   the basic comparative metrics on which acquiring companies  may base their offers: Price-Earnings  Ratio  (P/E Ratio)   With this, an acquiring company  makes an offer  which is  a mult iple of the earnings of the target company. Enterprise-Value-to-Sales  Ratio  (EV/Sales)   With this, the acquiring company can make an offer as a multiple of the revenues, also, being aware of the  price-to-sales(P/S) ratio  of other companies in the industry as well. Discounted Cash Flow  (DCF) -  evaluation tool in MA, Discounted cash flow analysis determines a companys current value according to its estimated future cash flows. The forecasted free cash flows (net income  + depreciation/amortization capital expenditures change in working capital) are discounted to present value using companys weighted average costs of capital  (WACC). Replacement Cost   When the acquisitions are based on the cost of replacing the target company. Suppose the value of a company is the sum of all its equipment and staffing costs resources and the acquiring company can order the target to sell at that price, or it will c reate a competitor for the same cost price. Obviously, it would take very long to assemble effective management, acquire properties and get the correct equipments. So this method of establishing a price certainly wouldnt make much sense in a service industry where the key assets people and the ideas are hard to value, retain and develop. Synergy- The idea that the value and performance of two companies combined will be greater than the sum of the separate individual parts. The Buyers will need to pay a premium if they hope to even acquire the company, inspite of what pre-merger evaluation advises them. For the sellers, it is that premium which represents their companys future prospects. As for the buyers, this premium represents part of the post-merger synergy they expect can be achieved. For example, if Company A has an excellent product but lousy distribution whereas Company B has a great distribution system but poor products, the companies could create synergy wi th a merger. When NPV is positive then the acquisition appears viable and profitable for the company and enhances its growth prospects. If company A wants to buy company B, then NPV of purchase must be 0. NPV = Gain Cost 0 Gain = PVAB (PVA + PVB) = Value of Synergy i.e. PV of combined company AB than PV of each separate entities. COMPENSATION IN MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS Firm A acquires firm B Determine benefit of the merger Benefit = PVAB (PVA + PVB) Acquiring company to compensate acquired company by: Compensation in Cash Compensation in Stock COMPENSATION IN CASH Firm A acquires firm B and compensates in cash COMPENSATION IN CASH = CASH PVB NPV to A = Benefit Cost = [(PVAB (PVA + PVB)] [Cash PVB] = PVAB PVA Cash NPV to B = (Cash PVB) Compensation in Stock Sometimes, instead of paying cash, we can compensate acquired company in terms of stocks. Firm A plans to acquire firm B. True cost will be: COST = ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ± PVAB PVB PVAB = PVA + PVB + benefit COST = ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ±PVAB PVB NPV to A = Benefit cost Usually, it is observed that if compensation is paid in cash, cost of acquisition is independent of the gains of acquisition. On the other hand, if the compensation is paid in stock, cost of acquisition is dependent on the gains of acquisition. FACTORS: CASH V/S STOCK COMPENSATION Whether to pay for an acquisition in cash or in stock is an important decision. It depends on these factors: Overvaluation: if acquiring firms stock is overvalued relative to acquired companys stock, paying in stock can be less costly than paying in cash. Taxes: considering shareholders of the acquired firm, cash compensation is a taxable transaction while stock compensation is not. Sharing of Risks and Rewards: if cash compensation is paid, then shareholders of acquired firm neither bear risks nor enjoy rewards of merger. On the other hand, if stock compensation is paid, shareholders of the company partake in the risks as well as rewards of the merger. Discipline: usually seen that acquisitions financed by cash tend to succeed more compared to acquisitions financed by stock because perhaps cash buyers are more disciplined, circumspect and rigorous in their evaluation. Biggest Recent Mergers and Acquisitions deals in India Tata Steel acquired 100% stake in Corus Group in 2007 with an all cash deal amounting to $12.2 billion. Vodafone purchased administering interest of 67% owned by Hutch-Essar for a worth of $11.1 billion in 2007. The acquisition of Japanese pharmaceutical company Daiichi Sankyo by Indian major Ranbaxy for $4.5 billion. The Oil and Natural Gas Corp purchased Imperial Energy Plc in 2009 and The deal amounted to $2.8 billion. In 2008 NTT DoCoMo, the Japan based telecom firm acquired 26% stake in Tata Teleservices for USD 2.7 billion. CONCLUSION Mergers and Acquisitions form an important facet of Corporate Finance and Strategy. It is involved in Investment Banking too. Many companies believe that the best way to  gain competitive advantage  is to  expand ownership boundaries through MA. MA is basically depicted by the equation 1+1=3, which means that a combined company is far more valuable than separately existing business entities. Investors can be confident that a merger will always deliver enhanced market power. A merger involves the mutual decision of two companies to combine and become  one entity; it  can be seen as a decision made by  two equals whereas a takeover or acquisition, is characterized by the purchase of a smaller company by a much larger one. A  merger  takes place when two or more companies decide to combine into one entity or business or when one company buys another, while an  acquisition  always involves purchase of o ne by another company. Mergers generate synergies which  allows for enhanced cost efficiency of a new entity made from two smaller entities synergy is the basic principle behind mergers and acquisitions. Most gains are pushed towards the selling shareholders and an MA deal can be completed by a cash transaction, stock  transaction or a combination of both. The acquiring companies use several methods to evaluate their targets. Some are based on the comparative ratios like the  P/S   and P/E   ratios -  replacement cost  or  discounted cash flow  analysis.

Ideas inside of us Free Essays

Wearing headphones or earphones, turning on favorite songs are the best ways to escape from these distractions. Many studies show that some genres of music such as Jazz or Baroque could help the brain signals processing faster. For instance, when listening to a Jazz song, I feel happier, more relaxed and reducing stress. We will write a custom essay sample on Ideas inside of us or any similar topic only for you Order Now Music really helps my mind regain the energy that I easily continue focusing on the work. The human brain is very smart, but it is also lazy to concentrate for a long time. When doing one thing for a long time, the brain feel bored, hence it easily gets off the track. Some student share experiences that when they focus on study for two or three hours, they feel hardly to keep their mind going on the lesson. Different changes happened however, when they listen to music that helps everything back to its orbit. As a result, music really helps students kept their concentration on studying. Another advantage of listening to music is that music can helps students get creative ideas while studying. From joy to ad from happiness to despair, music really has a special ability to leading our emotions. If I need to write a sympathy essay sharing the sorrow with people dying on the war, I should choose a blues ballad song to listen while writing. If am solving an equation in algebra, I need to find a little hard rock of Linking park. Music can simulate students’ creativity as a cup of coffee. Listening to music while studying could help students get ideas that they might not realize before. If you want to find something to boost your creative, do not think bout coffee but try some music, it is truly a healthy caffeine medicine for our students. Music leads the emotion and emotion paves the way for creative ideas inside of us. Sometime, you stuck with a problem, find no way to escape the cycle, so you need something helping you get out of that. Let turn on the cellophane, and play some Pop, ideas will come to you. As can be seen, music is an effective medicine helps us get ideas that are more creative. One other advantage of listening to music while studying is that it helps students have a better memory. Our studies prove that Classical or Zen music can help students easily remember the numbers in math or years of history. Music has the ability to transport our memory back in time just like a time machine. Some formulas or sequences students have studied for a long time might be forgotten. Now, they are recalled exactly as learned yesterday thanks for Classical music. Some students cannot remember and revise what they learned because they are under the pressures of the test ahead. In that case, listening to Zen music could release the pressure, slow the heartbeat and inspires students’ confidence that help them recall their memories better. Moreover, students will not be bored or stressed when dealing with a long night trying to revise some ideas for a presentation. With a good mood from music, they can better learn facts and lectures that they confront for a presentation. Also, fast music affects students’ abilities to remember things out loud. In the same way, slow music helps students think more deeply and keep this information in students’ memories. Therefore, music is really a helpful tool for students’ memories. How to cite Ideas inside of us, Papers

Critically Analyse the Llegal Barriers in Accessing Justice

Question: Critically analyze the legal barriers in accessing justice faced by the people affected by your Collaborative Justice Project topic and any solutions which have been proposed? Answer: Access to justice is a vital precept in order to address any form of inequality and disadvantage that may arise in the society and, further, it is essential to an inclusive and fair society. In case people do not have adequate access to legal services, it may have an adverse impact on the people, especially the unprivileged[1]. The term access implies a right to remedy and the concept of having adequate justice is based on the principle that where there is a right, there is a remedy (ubi jus ibi remedium). There are certain groups of people who often face difficulties in accessing the legal services for justice. The Aboriginals of Australia are one of such groups who face substantial obstacles while accessing the legal services such as lack of cultural awareness, communication issues, language issues, financial issues, discrimination, remoteness, adequate intimidation, etc. The aboriginals are still the most economically and socially disadvantaged members of the society in Australia. This disadvantage makes the aboriginals highly dependent on the community legal services. It is evident that the aboriginals, especially women, are dissuaded from taking recourse to the mainstream legal services. It has been seen that the indigenous people are relatively less likely to seek help from the mainstream legal service providers as a result of the mentioned barriers[2]. The key concern is the difficulty related with accessing the indigenous language translators. It has often been observed at the aboriginal defendants generally consent to the orders even if they do not understand them or to the orders that are inappropriate for their case as a result of language barriers. It has been stated by the Australian Human Rights Commission that the nuances of aboriginal English can result in misunderstanding between the lawyers and their clients (and consequently the justice system). Similarly, the Woman's Legal Service South Australia went a step further and stated that generally the matters proceed in the courts even when the interpreters are absent which is against principles of justice.[3] Even some funds have been allocated for interpretation services for the indigenous people, it is difficult to access Internet is due to reasons like low availability and high cost. Similarly this problem is aggravated as a result of the difficulties that are related with integrating aboriginal languages as equivalent terms may not be present in case of the terms that are commonly used by the justice system.[4] The legal barriers that are present on part of the aboriginal people while accessing the justice system include the lack of awareness regarding their legal rights. Among the significant barriers in accessing justice are the financial barriers for the aboriginal people. Then, the high cost of legal services act as a significant deterrent for the persons who need legal assistance. Unless a person is financially stable to afford the expenses of the court proceedings, it becomes almost impossible for any ordinary person to meet the expenses involved in a court process. Generally, the aboriginals avoid seeking legal advice even if there is an immediate necessary for the same owing to the high expenses involved in obtaining such legal services.[5] Further, geographical barriers also play an important role in restricting the access of the aboriginal people to justice. Therefore the difficulties that are associated with accessing the judicial system are further complicated as a result of geographic isolation and the lack of transportation services. In this regard Australian Human Rights Commission has stated in its report that 68% of the aboriginal people live outside the major cities. Similarly, nearly 43% of these people live in regional areas while 9% are staying in remote areas and 15% of the aboriginal people are staying in very remote areas. It has been suggested by a number of studies that the indigenous people who are staying in regional and remote areas have less legal and political engagement as compared to the people who are living in the capital city of Australia. A large number of people have disclosed that even if they want to access justice but they find it difficult to travel to the offices for receiving legal ad vice or face difficulties in order to complete the documents. Some of the other factors that act as a hindrance for the indigenous group of people to access the justice system are the past pessimistic experiences of the aboriginal people and the enduring distrust for the legal system. Similarly, the lack of awareness regarding the ability and scope of law in resolving certain types of disputes as well as the lack of awareness regarding the availability of legal services provided for them also acts as a major barrier. The reluctance of the aboriginal people regarding matters that are considered by them as private and which would need disclosure of personal information to strangers.[6] Similarly, the lack of confidence, empathy and the confidentiality towards the legal service providers and the legal system also act as a significant barrier. The perceptions among the aboriginal people that the legal services are prestigious results, which make them, feel shy to approach the legal services and are easily intimidated owing to their lack of cultural awareness. The complexity and the formality of the processes of judicial system also act as an impediment in approaching justice. Among the aboriginal communities, there is a tendency to resolve problems on their own. As mentioned above, the location of the courts and the legal service providers is far from from where the aboriginals dwell and the lack of public transport acts as an additional barrier. Further, the lack of sensitivity, cultural awareness and compassion among some of the staffs of the justice system and the legal service providers who fail to provide legal assistance to the unprivileged people, in particular, which also acts as a significant barrier.[7] On the other hand, there are certain lawyers who provide adequate legal assistance in any form of disputes that arises between the aboriginal organizations and individuals. In the same way, there are certain lawyers and other persons who are reluctant to make judgments regarding any disputes arising between the indigenous people. Similarly, there are some lawyers who do not prefer to be considered as someone taking sides in a dispute or they do not prefer to align themselves with the particular group of the aboriginal people. Some lawyers and other professionals from the judicial system have the tendency to dismiss the disputes among the aboriginal people as their private matters or cultural issues in origin. Another significant barrier in accessing justice by the aboriginal people is the reliance of the legal system on documentary evidence was substantiating the claims and the reluctance of the system to accept oral evidence that has been submitted by the aboriginal people. Some of the steps that can be taken to remove these barriers include appropriate communications and early intervention. Communication is considered as being essential for decision-making and personal autonomy. To conclude, the Federal and the State Government are taking initiatives to ensure that every citizen has access to the justice system and enjoy legal aids irrespective of their caste, community, sex and race. The Government is making significant investments in the Community Legal services and the Aboriginal and Torres Islander Legal Services to mitigate all the factors that acts hindrances for the indigenous people to have access to the justice system. Bibliography Chesterman, J. Galligan, B. (1997) Citizens Without Rights, Melbourne, Cambridge University Press. Coumarelos, C., Wei, Z. Zhou, A.Z. (2006) Justice made to measure: NSW legal needs survey in disadvantaged areas, Sydney, Law and Justice Foundation of NSW. Cunneen, C. Schwartz, M. (2008) Funding Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander legal services: issues of equity and access, Criminal Law Journal, 32 (1), 3853. Joint Committee of Public Accounts and Audit (2005) Access of Indigenous Australians to law and justice services, Report 403, Canberra, Commonwealth of Australia. Morphy, F. (2007) Uncontained subjects: population and household in remote Aboriginal Australia, Journal of Population Research, 24 (2), 163184. Wacquant, L. (2009) Punishing the Poor. The Neoliberal Government of Social Insecurity, Durham, Duke University Press.

Marketing Strategy of Volkswagen

The Sustainable Competitive Advantage of Volkswagen Rugraff (1) stated that the global automobile industry has been suffering from unsteady competitive advantage for the last three decades due to changing the choice of the customers, market rivalry, outsourcing technological development, a new division of labor and increasing oligopolies nature of global component suppliers that generated new business opportunity and welcomed new entries.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Marketing Strategy of Volkswagen specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a result, the automobile industry players looked for their competitive advantages on environmentally friendly technology and their internationalization through intensive investment in abroad while Volkswagen explored its competitive advantages through its expansion in the emerging market with 53% foreign employment and 76% of its revenue generated from foreign sales. Acc ording to the Volkswagen Group (7) the company’s green mobility, eco-friendly production processes, continuous effort to develop resource efficiency, 62 production facilities all over the world, characteristic global labor relations including its brand image and prolonged culture have provided the company with stability and a clear competitive advantage than its competitors. The company added that the appropriate utilization of competitive advantages provided the company huge opportunity to uphold its ecological principles, brand image, introduction of attractive vehicle models with low emissions targets, strong position in the global market, low fuel consumption, responds to the customers needs, and to fulfill the cost target of the regional customers. Das Auto (3) added that German-engineering, strong resale values, fuel-efficiency safety, clean technology, carefree maintenance program covered by the total cost of ownership have generated further competitive advantages that provided the customer excellence, operational excellence for all brands, product-excellence with a variety of models, location excellence through local distributors and the customers identified it as a symbol of their dignity. Growth Strategies of Volkswagen Volkswagen Group (11) added that its growth strategy has based on gorgeous vehicles that plead the customers all over the world meeting different regional requirements linked with their cost targets through it innovation, quick implication, and improved efficiency with huge brands that facilitated the company at an unparalleled position in the global market. Here the paper analyzed its growth strategies.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Market Penetration Strategy Wen (52) pointed out that the market penetration strategy of Volkswagen Group has organized with three different modes, such as, Acquisition and Green field, Joint Ventures Strategic Alliances with the local companies and Foreign Direct Investment in the emerging markets and the company has long evidence to practice all three strategies where they feel appropriate. At present, the company holds at least seven famous brands and all of the brands have experienced successful acquisition Volkswagen starting from 1964 to 1998, later on, the company has taken cautious measures for further investment and condensed its acquisition activities shifting to the foreign direct investment and strategic alliances through the joint venture. Market Development Strategy The Times of India (1) reported that the global giant of Automobile manufacturers Volkswagen is a multinational carmaker in Europe has aimed to turn itself at the top of all automaker by 2018, through its market development strategy to address such challenges. The marketing team of Volkswagen has focused on the further innovative approach of market development through communication s and advertising to all prospective markets. For instance, Volkswagen in India has introduced itself as a landmark automaker by its digitalized marketing campaign and introduced first talking newspaper using light-sensitive chips, while the readers turned the pages of the newspaper that readers regarding the products of Volkswagen, such digitalization has provided the company huge brand awareness measured at 38% to connect with customers. Product Development Strategy The Alternative Mobility Department of the Volkswagen Group has engaged to develop the conceptual framework for strategic product development keeping its close observation to the international and regional market integrating with new technologies, research, market trend and competitors analysis that brings future success by meeting customers demand while the product diversification strategy acts as an integral part of this strategy. Works Cited Das Auto. Volkswagen of America Corporate Fleet Sales. 2010. Web.Advertisin g We will write a custom research paper sample on Marketing Strategy of Volkswagen specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Rugraff, Eric. The new competitive advantage of automobile manufacturers. 2011. Web. The Times of India. Marketing Solutions: Volkswagen India Case Study. 2011. Web. Volkswagen Group. Sustainability Report 2010. Web. Wen, XiaoFeng. The Investigation of Volkswagen’s Entry Strategy in China’s Car Market. 2007. Web.. This research paper on Marketing Strategy of Volkswagen was written and submitted by user Tombstone to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on The Louisiana Purchase

Congress isn’t always mired in gridlock, squabbling and scandal. Crises such as the looming Civil War, the Great Depression, and the civil rights movement have sparked â€Å"the people’s† representatives to pass some of the nations boldest legislation. One of the most significant acts in the history of the United States was past when the senate accepted Thomas Jefferson’s broad interpretation of the Constitution and approved the Louisiana Purchase. Aside from more than doubling the size of the United States with a stroke of a pen, the Louisiana Purchase acquired the largest trade route in North America and had a significant impact on the rest of the world, specifically Europe. In this paper I will discuss the events and circumstance preceding the Louisiana Purchase and also cover the effect the purchase had on our country and the rest of the world. The area between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains was originally settled by the French in the early 18th century but was ceded to Spain by a secret treaty in 1762. A year later the huge province was lost to Great Britain at the end of the Seven Years’ War, as part of the Treaty of Paris. This area was returned to Spain when the British signed the second Treaty of Paris on September 3, 1783, which concluded the American Revolution and recognized the former 13 colonies as the free and sovereign United States of America. That same day Great Britain also signed separate treaties with France, an ally of the U.S., and Spain, an ally of France (Crawely 123-127). To continue the juggling of this massive area of land, French Emperor Napoleon forced the secret treaty of San Ildefonso (1800), which turned the land back over to the original owners, France. This action caused uneasiness in the United States because Napoleonic France was an aggressive power at the time. The United States also worried about western settlers who relied on the Mississippi River for commerce. T... Free Essays on The Louisiana Purchase Free Essays on The Louisiana Purchase Congress isn’t always mired in gridlock, squabbling and scandal. Crises such as the looming Civil War, the Great Depression, and the civil rights movement have sparked â€Å"the people’s† representatives to pass some of the nations boldest legislation. One of the most significant acts in the history of the United States was past when the senate accepted Thomas Jefferson’s broad interpretation of the Constitution and approved the Louisiana Purchase. Aside from more than doubling the size of the United States with a stroke of a pen, the Louisiana Purchase acquired the largest trade route in North America and had a significant impact on the rest of the world, specifically Europe. In this paper I will discuss the events and circumstance preceding the Louisiana Purchase and also cover the effect the purchase had on our country and the rest of the world. The area between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains was originally settled by the French in the early 18th century but was ceded to Spain by a secret treaty in 1762. A year later the huge province was lost to Great Britain at the end of the Seven Years’ War, as part of the Treaty of Paris. This area was returned to Spain when the British signed the second Treaty of Paris on September 3, 1783, which concluded the American Revolution and recognized the former 13 colonies as the free and sovereign United States of America. That same day Great Britain also signed separate treaties with France, an ally of the U.S., and Spain, an ally of France (Crawely 123-127). To continue the juggling of this massive area of land, French Emperor Napoleon forced the secret treaty of San Ildefonso (1800), which turned the land back over to the original owners, France. This action caused uneasiness in the United States because Napoleonic France was an aggressive power at the time. The United States also worried about western settlers who relied on the Mississippi River for commerce. T...

Organizational Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Organizational Behavior - Essay Example I.e. what are the specific OB related issues? There are some basic reasons that have brought about the problems in the MOB department. The problems stem from the lack of communication and collaboration among the members. Since the members comprise of a mix of senior and junior faculty, this increases the need for communication and interaction in order to understand each other's mind sets and point of view. One of the fundamental reasons for the success of the Accounting department was due to the comradeship of the members and their regular meetings. The personality of the organization is called it's the organizational culture. It can be described as the set of shared norms, values, beliefs and expectations that govern the way employees within an organization interact with each other, think about and act on problems and opportunities and work together towards the objectives of the organization. The components of organizational culture include Behavior and artifacts, Values and, Assump tions and beliefs. In the MOB department, there is a deviation in the culture and the representation of it. The divergence of the senior and junior faculty expectation has created a gap between their objectives and this leads to a lack of direction for the department. Now that you have analyzed the problems, what are the goals you think Vese needs to accomplish? List these in priority order. Increase communication by organizing regular meetings Encourage discussion in order to understand the various point of views and reach a common ground as to which area should the department focus upon Inculcate a common objective and a uniform culture within the department that is coherent with the overall goals of the university. Base performance evaluation by taking into consideration present as well as past performances of faculty. Conduct evaluations and communicate important information in an organized manner in order to avoid complains from faculty as they had these issues with the former department chair. Partner Senior faculty members with junior members in order to mentor them and collaborate in research Encourage spending more time working in university rather than from home Make a time schedule showing how Vese should use the hours of each day of his first week. For each entry, state the purpose of the listing, who is to be present (if anyone), what approach you will use, and why. Day 1: Conduct an induction meeting to introduce himself, his credibility and achievements. The meeting would accomplish his short term goals and how he would bring change in the department. This would involve a short meeting with all the members of the department. In order to make an appropriate change in the organization it is important to analyze its feasibility and how it should be carried out. The systematic process of congregation and analysis of data on certain ongoing system is called organizational diagnosis. Organizational diagnosis helps in forming a suitable direction towar ds making the change. Vese could conduct an organizational diagnosis of the department based on collection of data through questionnaires, interviews, observation

Xia Qinggao Hsieh Ch'ing Kao Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Xia Qinggao Hsieh Ch'ing Kao - Essay Example He was very aware of English naval tradition, and sounded admiring of the rescue processes involved in helping those in need on the high seas, and the possibility of punishment for failing to carry out this duty. The tone, while factual, hinted that in China, similar rules for duty to others applied. He perceived that the English were great maritime traders, and by his own travels, we assume that China too was involved in this trade. That is confirmed by the writer's geographical knowledge (not always accurate) and the flags he observed flying from ships at sea; he must have been part of that trading tradition. His comments regarding smallpox quarantine in Portugal, and its purpose in disease prevention, are stated in a tone that allows us to infer that this would happen too in Chinese ports. With regard to the products and manufactured goods for all the countries mentioned, his awareness was based on knowledge, and such goods were more than likely available in China. He sounded impressed by the "fine system of waterworks" in London, and how easily families could access clean water, with a fair method of payment described. Such a facility might not have been freely available to all in China, judging by his tone and interest. He mentioned good routes by land and water in Portugal, good land routes in the Scandinavian countries, and the steamboat in America impressed him. Because he was so knowledgeable about transportation, we can assume that good mechanisms existed in China, though it was unlikely that they had steam driven boats, as his description was rather inaccurate. In comparing climate, he mentioned only Portugal as being colder than "Fukien and Kwangtung", though England and Sweden would have been even colder. This tells us that parts of China were very hot. From his comment on "dwelling houses of more than one story" we can surmise that this was not the norm in China, where traditionally, one-story family dwellings were set around a courtyard with one main entrance gate. The detailed descriptions of clothing, and how it determined social class, suggested that it was very different in style from Chinese clothing, while drawing attention to the differences between what was worn by the rich and poor, similar to such class divisions in China. The European clothes were "tight fitting" at the top, so Chinese clothes must be less so. His comment on the English "Men and women all wear white ordinarily; for mourning, however, black is used." and this links to the idea of white being the mourning color in China. On pointing out that in Portugal, both genders wore leather shoes, he established that this was not the case in China. The loose skirts were different to Chinese female dress, we can surmise by his interest, but the custom of rich young noblewomen learning to sing and dance from an early age seemed to be a familiar practice, by his tone, and was part of Chinese culture. When describing Portugal's royal family structure and succession issues, "the king does not take a new reign title, but follows the

Use And Problems Of Expert Witnesses In Court Law Essay

Use And Problems Of Expert Witnesses In Court Law Essay It is an ancient common law rule that on a subject requiring special knowledge and competence, evidence is admissible from witnesses who have acquired the necessary expertise on that matter, and such witnesses are known as experts.  [1]  The foundation of the use of expert witness in court was laid down by Lord Mansfield in Folkes v. Chadd  [2]  that the opinion of scientific men upon proven facts may be given within their own science. Although opinion evidence is inadmissible as a general rule, the main exception to this rule is the opinion of an expert on matters resting within his expertise, and this exception applies in both civil and criminal cases. Regarding the civil proceedings, the statutory recognition of the exception is reflected by section 58(1) of the Evidence Ordinance (Cap 8) that an experts opinion is admissible on any relevant matter on which he is qualified to give expert evidence. However, there is an issue of potential conflict of interest on the expert w itness.  [3]  On one hand, an expert witness has a paramount duty to assist the court; on the other hand, he is remunerated for his services by one of the parties under the adversary system, which assumed a more partisan role for them at the expense of impartiality.  [4]   This essay aims to examine whether the aspiration of expert objectivity is realistic in our adversary system. In the next part, we shall discuss the problem of adversarial bias as well as the duties of expert witnesses. In part 3, the applicability of court appointed experts in Hong Kong will be examined with reference to the inquisitorial system. In part 4, we will explore the problems associated with the small population of potential experts in Hong Kong, followed by the courts power in dealing with expert disagreements in part 5. Finally, a conclusion will be drawn in the last part of this paper. The problems associated with expert witness It is often said that the principal danger of adversary expertise is motivational bias.  [5]  As expert witnesses are employed by one of the parties to the litigation and they would purposely mould their views to fit their clients proceedings. In fact, the problem of lack of objectivity in expert evidence is not a new phenomenon. As early as in Lord Abinger v. Ashton  [6]  , Sir George Jessel said: Undoubtedly there is a natural bias to do something serviceable for those who employ you and adequately remunerate you, and expert witness may even considered themselves as the paid agents of their employers. The problem of adversarial bias is also widespread in Hong Kong.  [7]  As identified in the Interim Report of the Working Party on Civil Justice Reform, a major problem concerning expert evidence is the partisanship and lack of independence among experts.  [8]  Thus, it is suggested by Professor Gary Edmond that partisanship may be an unavoidable feature of knowledge p roduction and expert opinion.  [9]   Another reason for lack of objective expert evidence is due to the problem of expert shopping, which is a process of selecting opinions from one expert after another, until the most favourable opinion to the partys case is found.  [10]  Since the choice of experts lies with the parties, the expert evidence is selected on the basis that would serve the best interests of their clients cases. Consequently the court does not necessarily obtain the most independent or objective expert evidence. The practice of selecting the most favorable expert is indeed a distortion of the rationale behind expert evidence as well as a discredit to the administration of justice. 2.1 The duties of expert witness Due to the concern about the failure of experts to provide an independent and objective opinion, a developed code of conduct has been set out in National Justice Compania Naviera SA v. Prudential Assurance Co. Ltd. (The Ikarian Reefer)  [11]  to clarify the duties of an expert witness. The most important parts are the first two numbered paragraphs, which stated that: 1) Expert evidence presented to the Court should be the independent product of the expert uninfluenced as to form or content by the exigencies of litigation  [12]  ; 2) An expert witness should provide independent assistance to the Court by way of objective unbiased opinion in relation to matters within his expertise  [13]  . The Ikarian Reefer guidelines remain a good law in Hong Kong, and the relevant principles were set out in paragraph L1/58/7 of Hong Kong Civil Procedure 2009. The expert witnesss overriding duty to provide independent and unbiased assistance to court is also reflected in Order 38, rule 3 5A of the Rules of the High Court (RHC) as well as the Code of Conduct for Expert Witness in Appendix D of RHC. Further guidance is provided in Hong Kong Air Cargo Terminals Ltd. v. Commissioner of Rating and Valuation  [14]  that an expert also needs to ensure no omission of material facts that could divert from his concluded opinion. Although the adversary system may not have provided an ideal environment for the expert witnesses to maintain their independence and objectivity from their clients, I believed that the promulgation of code of conduct would have raised awareness of the expert witnesses in meeting the courts expectations, so that they will be less easily manipulated by lawyers, which can tend to rein in the widespread problem of expert bias in Hong Kong. Court-appointed experts Apart from a code of conduct for expert witnesses, some commentators have recommended other ways to reduce the problem of expert bias, and one of them is the appointment of court experts with reference to the inquisitorial system. It is common for the court to appoint experts in many continental jurisdictions, such as Belgium, Germany and France. Unlike the way to appoint experts under the adversarial system, the expert witnesses are selected and remunerated by an independent authority, usually the court rather than the parties, which may avoid the problem of adversarial bias.  [15]  Take an example of the French system of expertise, the judge would normally commission the expert witnesses from a list of official experts, and they will be questioned by the judge.  [16]  The major distinction between the adversarial and inquisitorial system of justice is that the parties play a minimal role in locating evidence and they need not actively engage with the expert witness in court , as the expert witness is infrequently cross-examined by the defendants. As the court-appointed expert has little interaction with the parties, they are more likely to give an objective and unbiased opinion to the Court. Nevertheless, it is argued that the appointment of court experts under the inquisitorial system is contrary to the principles of the adversarial system of justice. Apart from the loss of right for parties to select their own expert witnesses, there are a number of arguments that go against the inquisitorial court-appointed experts. First of all, the main problem is that the court may place undue reliance on the evidence provided by the court-appointed expert, which may lead to an ultimate result that it would be the court-appointed expert instead of the judge who decides the case.  [17]  This is also highlighted by Lord Denning in In re Saxton that the appointment of a court expert in England is a rare thing, as the litigants realize that the court would attach great weight to the report of a court expert, and are reluctant to leave the decision of the case so much in his hands.  [18]   Second, it is difficult to ensure the validity or test the applicability of the expert evidence in inquisitorial systems due to lack of cross-examination and involvement of more expert opinion, which are fundamental features of the adversarial system. In the absence of challenges to expert evidence, its quality and reliability is therefore doubtful as there is no way to test the correctness of the expert conclusion.  [19]  Moreover, the exercise of courts power to appoint an expert is rare under Order 40 of RHC in Hong Kong. It is indicated in the case of Nguyen Ho Others v. Director of Immigration  [20]  that the Court of Appeal has declined an invitation to appoint a court expert. Consequently, the inquisitorial court-appointed expert is difficult to integrate in our adversarial system, especially the important feature of cross-examination which encourages critical scrutiny of the expert evidence is lacking under the inquisitorial system.  [21]  It is also of my view that the adversarial expertise may benefit the fact-finder in another way by providing a range of perspectives or interpretations that allows verification of the validity and accuracy of the expert evidence in Court. Problems with small population of potential experts As Hong Kong is confronted with the problem of parties obtaining hired gun experts,  [22]  the concern of expert bias may also arise when the employer of the expert witness is the prosecution. This is particularly the case for criminal prosecutions, where the expert witnesses are commonly and closely connected with the police or prosecution authorities. In fact, the small population of available experts in Hong Kong would render the reliance on expert witnesses employed by the prosecution inevitable, for instance, police officers may be called by the prosecution as witnesses to give evidence in drug cases regarding the average dosage of drug addictsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc. One may nonetheless argue that relying on the prosecutions own officers as expert witnesses to provide opinion evidence would prima facie cast a doubt on their independence and objectivity in that case. Thus, it raises the problem of whether it is possible to restrict the officers of the prosecution from giving opin ion evidence as an expert in his field to support the prosecutions case. In R v. Chung Chen Hsin  [23]  (Chung), a police officer ballistics expert, who was possibly connected with the investigation, was called by the prosecution as witness to testify for them that the unusual weapon found in the defendants hand luggage was a firearm. The court has made some important points regarding the right of the prosecution authority to call its own officers as expert witnesses to offer opinion evidence. It is held that there is no requirement in a criminal proceeding where the expert witness ought to be independent of the prosecution authority, but a witness who is competent and properly qualified to provide his expertise would suffice.  [24]  Judge Stuart Moore also challenged the judgment in R v. Kai Tai Construction Engineering Company Ltd.  [25]  by claiming that it was not a material irregularity for the prosecution to have called a properly qualified expert from the same department responsible for that prosecution, and there must be powerful reaso ns to cast a doubt on the expert called by the prosecution in order to justify the refusal to allow the prosecutions own officers as expert witnesses.  [26]  Moreover, even the expert witness is so closely connected to the case that he may be biased in favour of the prosecution, it is ultimately a matter remained for the jury to assess the weight to be attached to his testimony and the question of admissibility is irrelevant. The rationale in Chung was reaffirmed in many recent cases, such as Tang Ping Choi Another v. Secretary for Transport  [27]  , where the court held that an experts evidence was not inadmissible merely due to the fact that he or she was an employee of one of the parties to the case. With limited human resources in Hong Kong, the fact that many expert witnesses have been employed by the party calling them is nearly inevitable, especially for the technical matters that require highly specialized experts to offer their opinion evidence. Despite the possible lack of independence of the expert witnesses employed by the prosecution, it has been made clear by the Hong Kong courts that the expert evidence would not be excluded merely on that basis. Even though the expert witness may have produced a biased opinion due to his or her vested interest in the outcome of the case, it is only relevant to the weight to be attached to that experts testimony rather than the admissibility of evidence. Expert disagreement With one of more expert witnesses giving opinion evidence at court, it is possible to have a clash of opinion between opposing experts. In fact, we may divide the discussion into two parts: one is the role the judge if this situation happens at the trial; while the other is the judges powers to limit the extent of expert disagreement before the trial. First of all, if there are conflicting experts opinions during the trial, the judge will need to direct the jury correctly. It is held by the Court of Appeal in Plait  [28]  that the judge should not direct the jury in a way that it is a case of choosing between their opinion evidence. Rather, the jury should consider if there is a reasonable possibility that either the opinion of the prosecution or defence expert, when taken in conjunction with all the other evidence, is correct; then the jury should proceed on that basis. For the second part, the introduction of Civil Justice Reform in Hong Kong has offered the courts more control over the expert evidence, including measures to reduce the expert disagreement before the trial. The most common way for the court to narrow expert disagreement is to direct an expert meeting and joint report  [29]  , where the experts of both sides will meet before the trial and indicate clearly in the joint report the reason for their disagreement with each other. The direction is supported by Justice Wood that experts moderate their opposing views in the expert meeting, or even reach agreement on the controversial aspects of their expertise.  [30]  It is also noticed that the experts have a duty to attend this pre-trial meeting and conclude with a proper joint report, or otherwise, the defaulting expert would have breached paragraph 12 of the Code of Conduct for Expert Witness. Furthermore, the court has an option to order the appointment of a single joint expert under Order 38, rule 4A of RHC. Under this scheme, parties may jointly choose the single joint expert, or the court can select from a list prepared by the parties or any manner as the court may direct. Although the use of single joint expert may allow the fact-finder to have a simpler and less-biased picture over the technical matter, it is stressed in the Woolfs final report that the appointment of a single joint expert is mainly used to deal with the problem of excessive and inappropriate use of experts instead of bridging the differences of opinion between experts.  [31]   As a result, it is believed that the direction of pre-trial expert meeting and joint report will be more useful to narrow the conflicting opinion between experts rather than the appointment of a single joint expert. Conclusion With increasing technological sophistication of issues in courts, it is no doubt that the expert witness is playing a more significant role in the judicial process. Unlike other witnesses, the expert witness has an overriding duty to the court to provide objective and unbiased opinion evidence. An absence of independence and objectivity on the part of the expert witness would be prejudicial to the court, and consequently lead to a devaluing role of the expert witness in the court proceedings. It is opined that the introduction of the code of conduct as well as the new rules under the Civil Justice Reform in Hong Kong have evolved new roles for the expert witness. By setting court expectations in respect of the expert evidence, the expert witness would strive to meet the high standards and adhere to their duties and responsibilities listed in the rules. Despite the effort of the expert witness, I believe the concerted efforts by all streams of the judicial system are also vital to restore not only the credibility of the role of expert witness, but also publics confidence in the administration of justice. BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS M. R. Damaska, Evidence Law Adrift (New Haven London: Yale University Press, 1997) Mike Redmayne, Expert Evidence and Criminal Justice (OUP, Oxford 2001) Peter Murphy, Murphy on Evidence (10th edn OUP, Oxford 2008) Simon NM Young, Hong Kong Evidence Casebook (Sweet Maxwell Asia, Hong Kong 2004) ARTICLES REPORTS Charles Pugh Marcus Pilgerstorfer, Expert Evidence: The Requirement of Independence (2008) Journal of Personal Injury Law 224. Chief Justices Working Party on Civil Justice Reform, Civil Justice Reform: Interim Report and Consultative Paper (2001) Gary Edmond, After Objectivity: Expert Evidence and Procedural Reform 25 Sydney Law Review 131. Gary Edmond, Judicial Representations of Scientific Evidence (2000) 63 Modern Law Review 216. J.R Spencer, Court Experts and Expert Witnesses: Have We a Lesson to Learn from the French? (1992) 45 Current Legal Problems 213. Lord Woolf MR, Access to Justice: Final Report to the Lord Chancellor on the Civil Justice System in England and Wales (HMSO, London 1996) Peter Alldridge, Forensic Science and Expert Evidence (1994) 21 Journal of Law and Society 136. Samuel Gross, Expert Evidence (1991) Wisconsin Law Review 1113. NEWSPAPER Cliff Buddle, Judge calls expert witness mercenary SCMP (22 March 2002) EDT 7. ELECTRONIC RESOURCES Justice Sperling, Expert Evidence: The Problem of Bias and Other Things (1999): accessed 13 March 2011. Justice Garry Downes AM, Expert Evidence: The Value of Single or Court-Appointed Experts (2005): accessed 13 March 2011. Michael Wilkinson, Recent Developments Affecting Expert Evidence in Law Lectures for Practitioners (1991): accessed 13 March 2011. CASES Folkes v. Chadd [1782] 99 ER 589 Hong Kong Air Cargo Terminals Ltd. v. Commissioner of Rating and Valuation [2004] 2 HKLRD 702 In re Saxton [1962] 1 WLR 968 Lord Abinger v. Ashton [1874] 22 WR 582 National Justice Compania Naviera SA v. Prudential Assurance Co. Ltd. [1993] 2 Lloyds Rep. 68 Nguyen Ho Others v. Director of Immigration [1990] Civ App No 135 of 1990 Plait [1981] CrimLR 332 Polivitte Ltd. V. Commercial Union Assurance [1987] 1 Lloyds Rep. 379 R v. Chung Chen Hsin [1996] 1 HKCLR 120 R v. Kai Tai Construction Engineering Company Ltd. [1996] 2 HKCLR 26 Tang Ping Choi Another v. Secretary for Transport [2004] 2 HKLRD 284 Whitehouse v. Jordan [1981] 1 WLR 246

Julius Caesar Essay -- essays papers

Julius Caesar William Shakespeare has written many plays that touched millions of people throughout the centuries. His works are still the most controversial ones favored by many Literature critics because his plays generate spontaneous debates on issues such as friendship, revenge, human ambitions and moralities that lead to dynamic discussion among people. In the play The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, friendship vs. duty is one of the major themes that is developed. One's struggle over the choice between friendship and duty is depicted through the main character, Brutus, as he battles himself to choose between his duty to carry out people's will and his own conscious hitting on his faithfulness to his best friend Caesar. Although Brutus himself was skeptical if he made the right decision, he joins the conspiracy that plans for the murder of their leader Julius Caesar. The tragic aspect of the play Julius Caesar is that even though Brutus ‘s motives were immaculate, his fear toward Caesar's ambition, Cassius' persuasion, and his tragic flaw, idealism deluded him to make a tragic mistake of assassinating Caesar. While human ambition is considered an important requirement in achieving one's goal, it often leaves negative impressions to others. People do fear ambitious men because strong desire often leads to selfishness and dictatorship. As Caesar's popularity became more evident, his fellow officers and the nobles were worried that people of Rome might crown Caesar. As early as Act 1 scene one, two tribunes of Rome, Flavius and Marullus show concerns toward a possibility of a new dictatorship in Rome and remind themselves of their duty to protest against such power exercised by one person. Not surprisingly, the rumors of Ca... ...dealism. His tragic flaw, idealism, makes him to make initial decision, arrived at with such difficulty, that Caesar has to die. Brutus is wrong. Yet when we read carefully, the soliloquy in the garden, it becomes obvious that Brutus is deceiving himself. He confesses that he has "no personal cause" to fear Caesar and furthermore, that he has never known of potential of tyranny in Caesar. His honor and nobility were manipulated by Cassius and at the end, he finishes his life tragically by suiciding. The tragedy of Brutus lies here. Not that he attempted to free the republic of Rome from a tyrannous dictator and was killed in the action; but that, with the best of motives, he was responsible for the murder of Caesar.) (Mowant, P. 23 - 25) " Thou art the ruins of the noblest man That ever lived in the tide of times." (Shakespear, Act 3, scene 1, 256 - 257)

Hershey Marketing

The Hershey Company 1. History and Overview The first Hershey’s Chocolate Bar was produced in 1900, six years after the firm that would become The Hershey Company (â€Å"Hershey†) was founded by candy-manufacturer Milton S. Hershey. 2. Strategic Planning, Corporate Vision Until late last year when Hershey announced plans to revamp how it organizes its business with two new strategic business units—one for chocolate and the other for sugar confectionery—the company’s marketing organization was comprised of five primary product groups and three divisions: Hershey North America, Hershey International and the Global Marketing Group.According to their 2009 Annual Financial Report, this organization structure allowed Hershey to capitalize on unique customer and consumer trends, leverage marketing and sales leadership in the US and Canada, and focus on key growth areas in global markets (Annual Report p. 2). As indicated by a November 2nd, 2010 press relea se, the new structure is meant to leverage competencies for global growth, strengthen regional focus with additional resources, and augment confectionery consumer insights and innovation capabilities. (http://www. hehersheycompany. com/newsroom/news-release-1490640. aspx) In 2009, Hershey put forth their first Corporate Social Responsibility Report. In the opening paragraphs of this report they call Corporate Social Responsibility integral to their mission of â€Å"Bringing sweet moments of Hershey happiness to the world every day. † Kotler and Keller (27) contend that not only should a mission statement be short, memorable, meaningful, and enduring, it should provide employees with a shared sense of purpose, direction, and opportunity.Hershey is attuned to these needs. The report elaborates, â€Å"Our employees are committed to our mission†¦In all of our efforts, we are guided by our values, which have enabled our company to succeed over the long term. † Hersheyà ¢â‚¬â„¢s internal marketing strategy is driven by their stated corporate values—â€Å"One Hershey: A global and diverse team, operating with integrity, working together, determined to make a difference (Hershey Our Values). Kotler and Keller (29) identify the importance of utilizing three specific nternal groups toward the goal of successful strategy making: employees with youthful perspectives; employees far removed from company headquarters; and employees new to the industry. In a concerted effort to encourage ideas from the younger generation, Hershey has implemented an innovative approach by putting in place an R&D mentoring program where new Millennial employees are paired with experienced Boomers. Hershey recognizes that Millennials have categorically received greater support from their schools and families and expect it from their employers as well.Hershey also has a program called Quality Through Excellence that engages â€Å"the most committed and energetic tho ught leaders from all over the company and from different functional areas. † Among other things, these employees are charged with the duty of provided feedback to the company about what’s going well and what needs to be changed. Further, they have redesigned their performance management system to reward employees for their contributions to the success of the company. Attracting, Developing and Retaining Talent p11) A superior value chain incorporates a high level of product quality, service, and speed (Kotler and Keller 23). The conjunction of these components allows marketers to achieve profitable growth by, among other things, building loyalty and capturing customer lifetime value. Hershey has an ongoing commitment to deal fairly and ethically with all parties in its global value chain which extends from the farmers who supply raw materials for ingredients to consumers all over the world.They are dedicated to conserving energy and reducing emissions throughout their value chain, beginning with a company-wide initiative in 2007 to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in both their facilities and their transport operations. (CSR Report 26) 3. Strategic Planning-Business Vision Hershey relies on strong R&D efforts to continue making progress in the areas of cost reduction, quality assurance, and process improvement. Their research and development initiatives are centered on the creation/ improvement of new/existing manufacturing methods.Recent R&D activities have enabled Hershey to offer customized products which have turned out to be a major growth driver (SWOT 2). Hershey’s ability to capitalize on its internal strength in manufacturing continues to benefit the company. Another strength the company boasts is a robust and diverse product portfolio. However, though the company does not demonstrate an overdependence on a particular product segment, it does face the threat of dependence on a single customer.Hershey sells its products to va rious wholesale distributors, department stores and grocery stores, however, in 2009 more than a quarter of the company’s net sales were derived from sales to McLane Company, Inc. (SWOT 4). While Hershey has huge opportunities to expand in the emerging markets, specifically in India and China where disposable income continues to steadily rise, the company also faces the threat of a growing counterfeit goods market. This threat not only affects sales, it affects the image of established brands (SWOT 4). Underperformance of counterfeit products will have a significant negative impact on consumer confidence.In addition to the added competition the counterfeit market brings, Hershey will also continue to see new players enter the market. This will create a still greater challenge to keep costs down in order to stay competitive. When the company began more than one hundred years ago, it was granted immediate success with its low-cost, high quality milk chocolate. Though one of Mil ton Hershey’s founding principles that has persisted over the years is to â€Å"make and sell a high-quality product at a fair price† (CSR Report 7), another threat Hershey contends with is changing consumer preference. The company is experiencing changing consumer trends toward premium and trade-up product segments (SWOT 4). † In order to adapt to the changing marketplace, Hershey will have to continue to constantly develop, produce and market new products. 4. Marketing Strategies In 1963 Hershey acquired H. B. â€Å"Harry† Reese’s Candy Company which had been making chocolate-covered peanut butter cups since 1928. In the early 1980s Hollywood producer Steven Spielberg met with Hershey executive Jack Dowd.The two struck a deal and the newly developed Reeses’s Pieces appeared in the legendary box office hit, E. T. : The Extraterrestrial. Fortunately for Hershey, the candy shared in the success. (thehersheycompany. com) Early this year in Las Vegas, NV, at the 2011 Consumer Electronics Show, Hershey unveiled Reese’s Minis—smaller unwrapped versions of Reese’s Peanut Butter Cups. According to Anna Lingeris, spokesperson for Reese’s, â€Å"Techies at CES seek out cool innovations like min-tuners, mini-cams, nano-mice, mini-keyboards, and gotta-have gadgets so small you could fit a fistful in our pocket, so who says the next, big mini innovation can’t come from a candy company? (Business Wire 1/6/2011)† It remains to be seen whether this latest Reese’s marketing blitz is a success, however, the videos which spoof the â€Å"unboxing† trend in the tech world have had widespread play on YouTube and across a number of social networks (Business Wire 1/6/2011). This product falls in the popular hand-to-mouth category that, according to a recent Hershey presentation, presently makes up 16% of chocolate sales (adage. com 10/21/10).Erin Swanson, a Morningstar analyst, points ou t that this product is lower risk because it is an extension of an existing brand instead of an entirely new one. Hershey has tried its luck with some recent similar brand extensions. Modeled after Reese’s Pieces, early last year Hershey launched Almond Joy Pieces, York Pieces and Hershey’s Special Dark Pieces. According to a Hershey spokeswoman, Jody Cook, they launched these new products in hopes they would â€Å"entice consumers who eat the traditional form in a private setting to share a bag of Pieces in a social setting (nytimes. om 2/17/10)†. In 2005 the company introduced cookies by each of these three brands which were all discontinued a few years later. Hershey promoted the new product launch with a â€Å"wrapper reward program† which encouraged consumers to be one of the first 25,000 to mail in a wrapper from the full-size version of one of these candies. In turn, participants received a coupon for a free bag of the smaller product. Hershey reli es on promotional programs like this one as a marketing strategy to stimulate sales of certain products at various times throughout the year (2009 Annual Report p 5).We have a variety of promotional programs for our customers as well as advertising and promotional programsfor consumers of our products. We use our promotional programs to stimulate sales of certain products at various times throughout the year. Our sales are typically higher during the third and fourth quarters of the year, representing seasonal and holiday-related sales patterns. In late 2010 Hershey revealed plans to launch TV ads for PayDay and Hershey’s Syrup—two products that haven’t been promoted on television for a decade—alongside the new campaign for Reese’s Minis and Hershey’s Drops.According to CEO David West, this decision was made in response to the positive results from a pledge in 2008 to increase ad spending by 20% for two years. â€Å"Sales analysis consists of measuring and evaluating actual sales in relation to goals (Kotler and Keller 34). For the most part, the spending on these recent brands has exceeded expectations. Effective sales analysis highlighted the strong results Hershey won from their amped up efforts at promoting core brands like Kisses and Reese’s and caused them to later extend this effort to Twizzlers and Kit Kat.